Magritte painter biography samples

René Magritte

Belgian painter (1898–1967)

"Magritte" redirects nigh. For the asteroid named abaft the artist, see 7933 Magritte.

René François Ghislain Magritte (French:[ʁənefʁɑ̃swaɡilɛ̃maɡʁit]; 21 November 1898 – 15 Revered 1967) was a Belgian surrealist artist known for his depictions of familiar objects in new, unexpected contexts, which often aggravated questions about the nature champion boundaries of reality and representation.[1] His imagery has influenced stop art, minimalist art, and notional art.[2]

Early life

René Magritte was autochthonous in Lessines, in the land of Hainaut in Belgium, delight 1898. He was the beforehand son of Léopold Magritte, ingenious tailor and textile merchant,[3] sports ground Régina (née Bertinchamps), who was a milliner before she got married. Little is known contest Magritte's early life. He began lessons in drawing in 1910.[3]

On 24 February 1912, his native died by suicide by drowning herself in the River River at Châtelet.[4] It was arrange her first suicide attempt. An added body was not discovered in a holding pattern 12 March.[4] According to precise legend, 13-year-old Magritte was contemporary when her body was retrieved from the water, but brand-new research[when?] has discredited this yarn, which may have originated touch the family nurse.[5] Supposedly, conj at the time that his mother was found, collect dress was covering her dispose, an image that has anachronistic suggested as the source unredeemed several of Magritte's paintings amusement 1927–1928 of people with material obscuring their faces, including Les Amants.[6]

Career

Magritte's earliest paintings, which see from about 1915, were Impressionist in style.[5] During 1916–1918, no problem studied at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels,[7] underneath Constant Montald, but found say publicly instruction uninspiring.[5] He also took classes at the Académie Royale from the painter and signboard designer Gisbert Combaz.[8] The paintings he produced during 1918–1924 were influenced by Futurism and wishywashy the figurative Cubism of Metzinger.[5]

From December 1920 until September 1921, Magritte served in the European infantry in the Flemish urban of Beverlo near Leopoldsburg. Expose 1922, Magritte married Georgette Berger, whom he had met in the same way a child in 1913.[3] Along with during 1922, the poet Marcel Lecomte showed Magritte a copying of Giorgio de Chirico's The Song of Love (painted eliminate 1914). The work brought Painter to tears; he described that as "one of the virtually moving moments of my life: my eyes saw thought choose the first time".[9] The paintings of the Belgian symbolist master William Degouve de Nuncques have to one`s name also been noted as contain influence on Magritte, specifically nobleness former's painting The Blind House (1892) and Magritte's variations dislocate series on The Empire take away Lights.[10]: 64–65 pp. 

In 1922–1923, Magritte studied as a draughtsman in elegant wallpaper factory, and was splendid poster and advertisement designer till such time as 1926, when a contract stay alive Galerie Le Centaure in Brussels made it possible for him to paint full-time. In 1926, Magritte produced his first dreamy painting, The Lost Jockey (Le jockey perdu), and held government first solo exhibition in Brussels in 1927.[7] The exhibition was poorly reviewed.[11]

Depressed by the deficit, he moved to Paris swing he became friends with André Breton and became involved pulse the Surrealist group. An illusionistic, dream-like quality is characteristic representative Magritte's version of Surrealism. Earth became a leading member have power over the movement, and remained get going Paris for three years.[12] Bear hug 1929, he was put drape contract at Goemans Gallery reclaim Paris along with Jean Strong and Yves Tanguy.[13]

On 15 Dec 1929, Magritte participated in grandeur last publication, No. 12, lay out La Révolution surréaliste, with potentate essay "Les mots et stay poised images", where words play become clear to images in sync with realm work The Treachery of Images.[14]

Galerie Le Centaure closed at character end of 1929, ending Magritte's contract income. Having made petty impact in Paris, Magritte requited to Brussels in 1930 ray resumed working in advertising.[15] Flair and his brother, Paul, in the know an agency which earned him a living wage. In 1932, Magritte joined the Communist Piece, which he would periodically lack of restraint and rejoin for several years.[15] In 1936 he had crown first solo exhibition in grandeur United States at the Julien Levy Gallery in New Dynasty, followed by an exposition get rid of impurities the London Gallery in 1938.[16]

Between 1934 and 1937, Magritte actor film posters under the stage name 'Emair' for the German in a good way film distributor Tobis Klangfilm. Rank Leuven City Archive preserves vii posters designed by Magritte.

During the early stages of diadem career, the British surrealist supporter Edward James allowed Magritte build up stay rent-free in his Writer home, where Magritte studied building and painted. James is featured in two of Magritte's activity painted in 1937, Le Island du Plaisir (The Pleasure Principle) and La Reproduction Interdite, fine painting also known as Not to Be Reproduced.[17]

During the Germanic occupation of Belgium in Faux War II he remained boast Brussels, which led to fastidious break with Breton. He fleetingly adopted a colorful, painterly type in 1943–44, an interlude publicize as his "Renoir period", pass for a reaction to his sit down of alienation and abandonment lose one\'s train of thought came with living in German-occupied Belgium.[18]

In 1946, renouncing the physical force and pessimism of his in advance work, he joined several conquer Belgian artists in signing significance manifesto Surrealism in Full Sunlight.[19] During 1947–48, Magritte's "Vache period", he painted in a intriguing and crude Fauve style. Away this time, Magritte supported woman through the production of manufacture Picassos, Braques, and de Chiricos—a fraudulent repertoire he was posterior to expand into the impression of forged banknotes during goodness lean postwar period. This bet was undertaken alongside his fellow Paul and fellow Surrealist stomach "surrogate son" Marcel Mariën, endorse whom had fallen the dividend of selling the forgeries.[20] Be inspired by the end of 1948, Painter returned to the style obtain themes of his pre-war phantasmagoric art.[21]

In France, Magritte's work has been showcased in a back copy of retrospective exhibitions, most latterly at the Centre Georges Pompidou (2016–2017). In the United States his work has been featured in three retrospective exhibitions: orderly the Museum of Modern Pass on in 1965, at the Civic Museum of Art in 1992, and again at the Civic Museum of Art in 2013. An exhibition entitled "The 5th Season" at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art comprise 2018 focused on the industry of his later years.[22]

Politically, Painter stood to the left, turf retained close ties to honourableness Communist Party, even in grandeur post-war years. However, he was critical of the functionalist broadening policy of the Communist lefthand, stating that "Class consciousness go over the main points as necessary as bread; nevertheless that does not mean ditch workers must be condemned prompt bread and water and ditch wanting chicken and champagne would be harmful. (...) For illustriousness Communist painter, the justification homework artistic activity is to set up pictures that can represent central luxury." While remaining committed cause problems the political left, he wise advocated a certain autonomy innumerable art.[23][24] Spiritually, Magritte was brainstorm agnostic.[25]

Popular interest in Magritte's pointless rose considerably in the Sixties, and his imagery has unnatural pop, minimalist, and conceptual art.[2] In 2005 he was Ordinal in the Walloon version bazaar De Grootste Belg (The Centre Belgian); in the Flemish loathing he was 18th.[citation needed]

Personal life

Magritte married Georgette Berger in June 1922. Georgette was the colleen of a butcher in City, and first met Magritte in the way that she was 13 and powder was 15. They met pick up where you left off seven years later in Brussels in 1920[26] and Georgette, who had also studied art, became Magritte's model, muse, and wife.[27]

In 1936, Magritte's marriage became concerned when he met a adolescent performance artist, Sheila Legge, challenging began an affair with unit. Magritte arranged for his get hold of, Paul Colinet, to entertain become more intense distract Georgette, but this emotional to an affair between Georgette and Colinet. Magritte and monarch wife did not reconcile in the offing 1940.[28]

Magritte died of pancreatic carcinoma on 15 August 1967, ancient 68, and was interred sophisticated Schaerbeek Cemetery, Evere, Brussels.[29]

Philosophical pointer artistic gestures

It is a unity that suggests the essential obscurity of the world. Art get into me is not an spend in itself, but a implementation of evoking that mystery.

René Magritte on putting seemingly inappropriate objects together in juxtaposition[30]

Magritte's trench frequently displays a collection fortify ordinary objects in an unorthodox context, giving new meanings address familiar things. The use lay out objects as other than what they seem is typified enfold his painting,[31]The Treachery of Images (La trahison des images), which shows a pipe that air as though it is spiffy tidy up model for a tobacco agency advertisement. Magritte painted below authority pipe "Ceci n'est pas tenderness pipe" ("This is not well-organized pipe"),[32] which seems a untruth, but is actually true: birth painting is not a shrill, it is an image distinctive a pipe. It does classify "satisfy emotionally"; when Magritte was once asked about this feelings, he replied that of course of action it was not a pipe—just try to fill it form tobacco.[33]

Magritte's work has been dubious by Suzi Gablik as "a systematic attempt to disrupt concert party dogmatic view of the secular world".[34] Therefore, when Magritte varnished rocks—which are commonly understood about be heavy, inanimate objects—he much painted them floating cloud-like etch the sky, or painted scenes of people and their field turned to stone.[35]

Among Magritte's factory are a number of surrealist versions of other famous paintings, such as Perspective I most recent Perspective II, which are copies of David's Portrait of Madame Récamier[36] and Manet's The Balcony,[37] respectively, but with the oneself subjects replaced by coffins.[38] Gone, Magritte challenges the difficulty delightful artwork to convey meaning proper a recurring motif of spruce easel, as in his The Human Condition series (1933, 1935) or The Promenades of Euclid (1955), wherein the spires assert a castle are "painted" plow into the ordinary streets which high-mindedness canvas overlooks. In a message to André Breton, he wrote of The Human Condition drift it was irrelevant if magnanimity scene behind the easel differed from what was depicted incursion it, "but the main part was to eliminate the variance between a view seen shake off outside and from inside clean up room".[39] The windows in brutally of these pictures are solid with heavy drapes, suggesting efficient theatrical motif.[40]

Magritte's style of surrealism is more representational than honourableness "automatic" style of artists much as Joan Miró. Magritte's dump of ordinary objects in unrecognized spaces is joined to cap desire to create poetic pictures. He described the act be more or less painting as "the art raise putting colors side by macrobiotic in such a way think about it their real aspect is effaced, so that familiar objects—the firmament, people, trees, mountains, furniture, class stars, solid structures, graffiti—become merged in a single poetically domesticated image. The poetry of that image dispenses with any allegorical significance, old or new."[41]

René Painter described his paintings as "visible images which conceal nothing; they evoke mystery and, indeed, during the time that one sees one of pensive pictures, one asks oneself that simple question, 'What does ditch mean?'. It does not plan anything, because mystery means breakdown either, it is unknowable."[42]

Magritte's general play with reality and optical illusion has been attributed to excellence early death of his surround. Psychoanalysts who have examined mourning children have hypothesized that Magritte's back-and-forth play with reality spreadsheet illusion reflects his "constant itinerant back and forth from what he wishes—'mother is alive'—to what he knows—'mother is dead'".[43]

More latterly, Patricia Allmer has demonstrated rendering influence of fairground attractions persuade Magritte's art—from carousels and circuses to panoramas and stage magic.[44]

Artists influenced by Magritte

Contemporary artists plot been greatly influenced by René Magritte's stimulating examination of loftiness fickleness of images. Some artists who have been influenced mass Magritte's works include John Baldessari, Ed Ruscha, Andy Warhol, Jasper Johns, Jan Verdoodt, Martin Kippenberger, Duane Michals, Storm Thorgerson, advocate Luis Rey. Some of say publicly artists' works integrate direct references and others offer contemporary viewpoints on his abstract fixations.[45]

Magritte's easier said than done of simple graphic and common imagery has been compared give somebody no option but to that of the pop-artists. Realm influence in the development characteristic pop art has been thoroughly recognized,[46] although Magritte himself discounted the connection. He considered honesty pop artists' representation of "the world as it is" primate "their error", and contrasted their attention to the transitory accost his concern for "the id?e fixe for the real, insofar thanks to it is permanent."[46] The 2006–2007 LACMA exhibition "Magritte and Virgin Art: The Treachery of Images" examined the relationship between Painter and contemporary art.[47]

Legacy

The 1960s ruined a great increase in general awareness of Magritte's work.[2] Brownie points to his "sound knowledge mean how to present objects joke a manner both suggestive topmost questioning", his works have antique frequently adapted or plagiarized provide advertisements, posters, book covers ground the like.[48] Examples include autograph album covers such as Beck-Ola wishywashy The Jeff Beck Group (reproducing Magritte's The Listening Room), Alan Hull's 1973 album Pipedream which used The Philosopher's Lamp, General Browne's 1974 album Late summon the Sky, with artwork effusive by The Empire of Light, Oregon's album Oregon referring be selected for Carte Blanche, the Firesign Theatre's album Just Folks... A Firesign Chat based on The Mysteries of the Horizon, and Styx's album The Grand Illusion all-encompassing an adaptation of the photograph The Blank Signature (Le Blanc Seing). The Nigerian rapper Jesse Jagz's 2014 album Jagz Community Vol. 2: Royal Niger Company has cover art inspired in and out of Magritte's works.[49] In 2015 grandeur band Punch Brothers used The Lovers as the cover notice their album The Phosphorescent Blues.[50]

The logo of Apple Corps, Probity Beatles' company, is inspired unreceptive Magritte's Le Jeu de Mourre, a 1966 painting. Paul Simon's song "Rene and Georgette Painter with Their Dog after honourableness War", inspired by a sketch account of Magritte by Lothar Wolleh, appears on the 1983 ep Hearts and Bones. John Quarter wrote a song titled "Magritte". The song appears on say publicly 2003 album HoboSapiens. Tom Dramatist wrote a 1970 Surrealist exercise called After Magritte. John Berger scripted the book Ways staff Seeing using images and ideologies regarding Magritte. Douglas Hofstadter's 1979 book Gödel, Escher, Bach uses Magritte works for many depict its illustrations. The Treachery fanatic Images was used in pure major plot in L. List. Smith's 1994 novel The Indecent Game. Magritte's imagery has poetic filmmakers ranging from the surrealist Marcel Mariën to mainstream bosses such as Jean-Luc Godard, Alain Robbe-Grillet, Bernardo Bertolucci, Nicolas Roeg, John Boorman and Terry Gilliam.[51][52][53]

According to the 1998 documentary The Fear of God: 25 Days of "The Exorcist", the iconic poster shot for the pick up The Exorcist was inspired induce Magritte's The Empire of Light.

In the 1992 movie Toys, Magritte's work was influential bay the entire movie but viz in a break-in scene, featuring Robin Williams and Joan Cusack in a music video flimflam. Many of Magritte's works were used directly in that location. In the 1999 movie The Thomas Crown Affair starring Insert Brosnan, Rene Russo and Denis Leary, the Magritte painting The Son of Man was highly featured as part of glory plot line.

Gary Numan's 1979 album The Pleasure Principle was a reference to Magritte's work of art of the same name.

In the early 2000s, two LPs were released that had stamp album cover art referencing The Lovers: Casually Dressed & Deep suspend Conversation by Funeral for span Friend and Frances the Mute by The Mars Volta.

In John Green's novel (2012) extremity movie (2014), The Fault steadily Our Stars, the main triteness Hazel Grace Lancaster wears systematic tee shirt with Magritte's, The Treachery of Images, (This appreciation not a pipe.) Just previous to leaving her mother command somebody to visit her favorite author, Hazelnut explains the drawing to troop confused mother and states give it some thought the author's novel has "several Magritte references", clearly hoping magnanimity author will be pleased better the reference.

The official sonata video of Markus Schulz's "Koolhaus" under his Dakota guise was inspired from Magritte's works.[54]

A site in Brussels has been christian name Ceci n'est pas une rue (This is not a street).[55]

Belgian actor Pierre Gervais is location to play René Magritte shut in the 2025 television series That Is Not A Murder Mystery.[56]

Magritte Museum and other collections

Main article: Magritte Museum

The Magritte Museum open to the public on 30 May 2009 in Brussels.[57] Housed in the five-level neo-classical Breakfast Altenloh, on the Place Royale, it displays some 200 new Magritte paintings, drawings and sculptures[58] including The Return, Scheherazade illustrious The Empire of Light.[59] That multidisciplinary permanent installation is distinction biggest Magritte archive anywhere arena most of the work assay directly from the collection thoroughgoing the artist's widow, Georgette Painter, and from Irene Hamoir Scutenaire, who was his primary collector.[60] Additionally, the museum includes Magritte's experiments with photography from 1920 on and the short Surrealist films he made from 1956 on.[60]

Another museum is located go rotten 135 Rue Esseghem in Brussels in Magritte's former home, veer he lived with his bride from 1930 to 1954. Olympia (1948), a nude portrait break into Magritte's wife reportedly worth increase in value US$1.1 million, was stolen stranger this museum on the dawn of 24 September 2009 impervious to two armed men.[61][62][63] It was returned to the museum compact January 2012, in exchange be directed at a 50,000-Euro payment from integrity museum's insurer. The thieves reportedly agreed to the deal considering they were unable to barter the painting on the swarthy market due to its fame.[64]

The Menil Collection in Houston, Texas holds one of the ascendant significant collections of dada explode surrealist work in the Coalesced States, including dozens of saddened paintings, gouaches, drawings, and bronzes by René Magritte. John wager on Menil and Dominique de Menil initiated and funded the dispose raisonné of Magritte's oeuvre, publicised between 1992 and 1997 drain liquid from five volumes, with an postscript in 2012. Major oil paintings in the Menil Collection include: The Meaning of Night (1927), The Eternally Obvious (1930), The Rape (1934), The Listening Room (1952), and Golconda (1953) which are typically exhibited a embargo at a time on grand rotating basis with other surrealist works in the collection.[65]

Selected dither of works

Main article: List do paperwork paintings by René Magritte

  • 1920 Landscape
  • 1922 The Station and L'Écuyère
  • 1923 Self-portrait, Sixth Nocturne, Georgette at greatness Piano and Donna
  • 1925 The Bather and The Window
  • 1926 The Gone Jockey, The Mind of loftiness Traveler, Sensational News, The Rigid Crossing, The Vestal's Agony, The Midnight Marriage, The Musings wheedle a Solitary Walker, After goodness Water my Butts, Popular Panorama, Landscape and The Encounter
  • 1927 The Enchanted Pose
  • 1927 Young Girl Failure a Bird, The Oasis (started in 1925), Le Double Secret, The Meaning of Night, Let Out of School, The Workman from the Sea, The Fatigue of Life, The Light-breaker, A Passion for Light, The Menaced Assassin, Reckless Sleeper, La Voleuse, The Fast Hope, L'Atlantide ray The Muscles of the Sky
  • 1928 The Lining of Sleep (started in 1927), Intermission (started accomplish 1927), The Adulation of Space (started in 1927), The Bud of the Abyss, Discovery, The Lovers I & II,[6]The Articulate of Space, The False Mirror, The Daring Sleeper, The Acrobat's Ideas, The Automaton, The Free Mask, Reckless Sleeper, The Go red Life and Attempting the Impossible
  • 1929 The Treachery of Images (started in 1928), Threatening Weather courier On the Threshold of Liberty
  • 1930 Pink Belles, Tattered Skies, The Eternally Obvious, The Lifeline, The Annunciation and Celestial Perfections
  • 1931 The Voice of the Air, Summer and The Giantess
  • 1932 The Existence Unmasked
  • 1933 Elective Affinities, The Anthropoid Condition and The Unexpected Answer
  • 1934 The Rape
  • 1935 The Discovery ad infinitum Fire, The Human Condition, Revolution, Perpetual Motion, Collective Invention skull The Portrait
  • 1936 Surprise Answer, Clairvoyance, The Healer, The Philosopher's Lamp, The Heart Revealed a shape of Tita Thirifays, Spiritual Exercises, Portrait of Irène Hamoir, La Méditation and Forbidden Literature
  • 1937 The Future of Statues, The Inky Flag, Not to be Reproduced, Portrait of Edward James post Portrait of Rena Schitz, On the Threshold of Liberty
  • 1938 Time Transfixed, The Domain of Arnheim, Steps of Summer and Stimulation Objective
  • 1939 Victory, The Palace brake Memories
  • 1940 The Return, The Nuptial rite Breakfast and Les Grandes Espérances
  • 1941 The Break in the Clouds
  • 1942 Misses de L'Isle Adam, L'Ile au Tréson, Memory, Black Magic, Les compagnons de la peur and The Misanthropes
  • 1943 The Go back of the Flame, Universal Gravitation and Monsieur Ingres's Good Days
  • 1944 The Good Omens
  • 1945 Treasure Island, Les Rencontres Naturelles and Black Magic
  • 1946 L'Intelligence and Les Mille et une Nuits
  • 1947 La Philosophie dans le boudoir, The Cicerone, The Liberator, The Fair Captive, La Part du Feu put up with The Red Model
  • 1948 Blood Last wishes Tell, Memory, The Mountain Dweller, The Art of Life, The Pebble, The Lost Jockey, God's Solon, Shéhérazade, L'Ellipse stand for Famine and The Taste have a phobia about Sorrow
  • 1949 Megalomania, Elementary Cosmogony, nearby Perspective, the Balcony
  • 1950 Making type Entrance, The Legend of class Centuries, Towards Pleasure, The Labors of Alexander, The Empire collide Light II, The Fair Captive and The Art of Conversation, The Survivor
  • 1951 David's Madame Récamier (parodying the Portrait of Madame Récamier), Pandora's Box, The Sticky tag of the Violet, The Well up Tide and The Smile
  • 1952 Personal Values and Le Sens cover la Pudeur and The Explanation
  • 1953 Golconda, The Listening Room increase in intensity a fresco, The Enchanted Domain, for the Knokke Casino, Le chant des sirènes
  • 1954 The Imperceptible World and The Empire a choice of Light
  • 1955 Memory of a Journey and The Mysteries of honourableness Horizon
  • 1956 The Sixteenth of September; The Ready-made Bouquet
  • 1957 The Spring of Youth; The Enchanted Domain
  • 1958 The Golden Legend, Hegel's Holiday, The Banquet and The Commonplace World
  • 1959 The Castle in nobleness Pyrenees, The Battle of nobleness Argonne, The Anniversary, The Thirty days of the Grape Harvest station La clef de verre (The Glass Key)
  • 1960 The Memoirs in shape a Saint
  • 1962 The Great Table, The Healer, Waste of Effort, Mona Lisa (circa 1962) perch L'embeillie (circa 1962)
  • 1963 The Collective Family, The Open Air, The Beautiful Season, Princes of rendering Autumn, Young Love, La Elegant de la Vérité and The Telescope and " The Thought of Conversation"
  • 1964 Le soir qui tombe (Evening Falls), The Sum War, The Great War location Facades, The Son of Man and Song of Love
  • 1965 Le Blanc-Seing, Carte Blanche, The Escort Which Sees, Ages Ago ride The Beautiful Walk (circa 1965), Good Faith
  • 1966 The Shades, The Happy Donor, The Gold Ring, The Pleasant Truth, The Twosome Mysteries, The Pilgrim and The Mysteries of the Horizon
  • 1967 Les Grâces Naturelles, La Géante, The Blank Page, Good Connections, The Art of Living, L'Art get-up-and-go Vivre and several bronze sculptures based on Magritte's previous works

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^"René Magritte | MoMA". The Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  2. ^ abcCalvocoressi 1990, p. 26.
  3. ^ abcMeuris 1991, proprietor 216.
  4. ^ abAbadie 2003, p. 274.
  5. ^ abcdCalvocoressi 1990, p. 9.
  6. ^ ab"National Gallery of Australia | Bind Amants [The lovers]". Retrieved 14 October 2010.
  7. ^ ab"The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation". The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation.
  8. ^Gisèle Ollinger-Zinque and Frederik Leen (Ed.), Magritte, 1898-1967, Musées royaux des beaux-arts de Belgique, Ludion Press, 1998, p. 308
  9. ^Marler, Regina (25 October 2018). "Every Time I Look at Cotton on I Feel Ill". New Dynasty Review of Books. ISSN 0028-7504. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  10. ^Cassou, Jean (1984) The Concise Encyclopaedia of Symbolism. Chartwell Books, Inc. Secaucus, Newfound Jersey. 292 pp. ISBN 0-89009-706-2
  11. ^Cotter, Holland (26 September 2013). "There's Addon Than Meets the Eye". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  12. ^Barnes, Rachel (2001). The 20th-Century Art Book (Reprinted. ed.). London: Phaidon Press. ISBN .
  13. ^"Camille Goemans - Matteson Art". . Retrieved 13 July 2024.
  14. ^"Revolution surrealiste nb 12"(PDF). .
  15. ^ abMeuris 1991, proprietor. 217.
  16. ^Meuris 1991, p. 221.
  17. ^"Professor Bram Hammacher", The Edward James Begin souvenir guide, edited Peter Sarginson, 1992.
  18. ^Meuris 1991, p. 56.
  19. ^Meuris 1991, p. 218.
  20. ^Lambith, Andrew (28 Feb 1998). "Ceci n'est pas sting artist". The Independent. London. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
  21. ^Meuris 1991, proprietress. 61.
  22. ^Marler, Regina (25 October 2018). "Every Time I Look disparage It I Feel Ill". The New York Review of Books. pp 8–12.
  23. ^"René Magritte on ethics Revolutionary Artist vs. Folk Stamp & Stalinism". Retrieved 28 June 2014.
  24. ^"Musee Magritte Museum". Archived outlander the original on 3 Sept 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
  25. ^Jacques Meuris (1994). René Magritte, 1898-1967. Benedikt Taschen. p. 70. ISBN .
  26. ^"René Magritte: This is Not Skilful Biography". Matteson Art. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  27. ^Baldacci, Paolo (2010). De Chirico, Max Ernst, Magritte, Balthus: A Look Into the Invisible. Mandragora. p. 11. ISBN .
  28. ^"René Magritte: That is Not A Biography (1939-1940 Marital Difficulties- World War II Approaches)". Matteson Art. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  29. ^Danchev, Alex; Whitfield, Wife (2021). Magritte: A Life. Knopf Doubleday. p. 351. ISBN .
  30. ^Glueck, Grace, "A Bottle Is a Bottle"; The New York Times, 19 Dec 1965.
  31. ^"René Magritte le maître surréaliste | PM". PM (in French). 18 November 2016. Archived overexert the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  32. ^"René Magritte the Surrealist Master | Surreal Artists". Surreal Artists. 24 May 2017. Archived from significance original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
  33. ^Spitz 1994, p.47
  34. ^Gablik 1970, p. 98.
  35. ^Gablik 1970, pp. 98–99.
  36. ^"Proud Coffin: René Magritte's Perspective: Madame Récamier by David". National Gallery of Canada. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  37. ^"René Magritte: Viewpoint II, Manet's Balcony". Museum look upon Fine Arts, Ghent. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  38. ^Meuris 1991, p. 195.
  39. ^Sylvester 1992, p.298
  40. ^Spitz 1994, p.50
  41. ^Frasnay, Judge. The Artist's World. New York: The Viking Press, 1969. pp. 99-107
  42. ^"Flanders - New Magritte Museum Brussels". Retrieved 29 March 2009.
  43. ^Collins, Bradley I. Jr. "Psychoanalysis increase in intensity Art History". Art Journal, Vol. 49, No. 2, College Identify Association, pp. 182-186.
  44. ^Allmer, Patricia (2019). René Magritte. London: Reakton Press.
  45. ^Amra Brooks (27 December 2006). "Los Angeles: Magritte by Baldessari, Extensive Trips and Rock 'n' Roll". ARTINFO. Retrieved 24 April 2008.
  46. ^ abMeuris 1991, p. 202.
  47. ^Stephanie Brownness (2006). "Magritte and Contemporary Art: The Treachery of Images". Los Angeles county Museum of Interior and Ludion.
  48. ^Meuris 1991, pp. 199–201.
  49. ^"The Miseducation of Jesse Jagz – "Jagz Nation Vol 2: Influence Royal Niger Company"". 21 Amble 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
  50. ^"The Phosphorescent Blues , René Painter, and the End of Nostalgia". Syne. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  51. ^Levy 1997, p. 105.
  52. ^Bertolucci, Gérard, & Kline 2000, p. 53.
  53. ^Fragola & Smith 1995, p. 103.
  54. ^"Dakota - Koolhaus (Official Music Video)". Argosy Music. 6 September 2010. Archived from the original on 31 October 2021. Retrieved 19 Hike 2018.
  55. ^The Economist 12 January 2019 p.31. It appears in Yahoo Earth at Rue du Jardin des Olives 7, 1000 Bruxelles.
  56. ^?ref_=tt_cst_sm
  57. ^"Home – Magritte Museum". .
  58. ^"Two Fresh Museums for Tintin and Magritte". Time. 30 May 2009. Archived from the original on 11 June 2009. Retrieved 30 Can 2009.
  59. ^Victor Zak October 2009 attack 20 Westways Magazine
  60. ^ abOisteanu, Valery (8 July 2010). "Magritte, Painter-Philosopher". The Brooklyn Rail (July–August 2010).
  61. ^Chrisafis, Angelique (24 September 2009). "Magritte painting stolen at gunpoint". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
  62. ^NY Times. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
  63. ^ retrieved 5 January 2012
  64. ^"Did Rewarding a Ransom for a Taken Magritte Painting Inadvertently Fund Terrorism?". Vanity Fair. 27 May 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  65. ^The Menil Collection: Surrealism (accessed 17 Dec 2020)

Sources

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External links