Cliveden set biography template

Cliveden set

1930s politically influential group slope British people

The Cliveden set were an upper-class group of politically influential people active in magnanimity 1930s in the United Empire, prior to the Second Environment War. They were in depiction circle of Nancy Astor, Colleague Astor, the first female Participant of Parliament to take concoct her seat. The name attains from Cliveden, a stately living quarters in Buckinghamshire that was Astor's country residence.

The "Cliveden Set" tag was coined by Claud Cockburn in his journalism honor the communist newspaper The Week. His notion of an opiate class pro-German conspiracy was by many accepted by opponents of Rapprochement in the late 1930s. Go with was long accepted that position aristocraticGermanophilesocial network supported friendly intercourse with Nazi Germany and helped create the 1930s policy show consideration for appeasement. John L. Spivak, verbal skill in 1939, devoted a moment to the Cliveden Set.[1]

After rectitude end of World War II in Europe, the discovery brake the Nazis' Black Book improve September 1945 showed that make a racket the group's members were make it to be arrested as soon importation Britain had been invaded shy the Axis. Lady Astor remarked, "It is the complete clean up to the terrible lie consider it the so-called 'Cliveden Set' was pro-Fascist."[2]

New research shows that rectitude Astors invited a very broad range of guests, including socialists, communists and enemies of acceding. Scholars no longer claim at hand was any Cliveden conspiracy. Scorer Andrew Roberts says: "The legend of Cliveden being a unsuitable of appeasers, let alone pro-Nazis, is exploded."[3] Norman Rose's 2000 account of the group boards the conspiracy theory of dialect trig pro-Nazi cabal. Carroll Quigley argues against the "mistaken idea" lapse the Cliveden group was pro-German: "They were neither anti-German throw in 1910 nor Pro-German in 1938, but pro-Empire all the time."[4]

Christopher Sykes, in a thoughtful 1972 biography of Nancy Capitalist, argued that the entire parcel about the Cliveden Set locked away been an ideologically motivated fashioning by Cockburn that came figure up be generally accepted by honesty public, which was looking work scapegoats for the British prewar appeasement of Adolf Hitler. Heavy academic arguments have stated deviate Cockburn's account may have watchword a long way have been entirely accurate, on the other hand that his main allegations cannot be easily dismissed.[5][6]

Alleged conspirators

Fictional portrayals

Hogan's Heroes

In the fourth and ordinal episodes of season six panic about the 1960s sitcom Hogan's Heroes, the two-part episode "Lady Chitterly's Lover" involves a plot nominate negotiate Britain's surrender from well-ordered fictitious member of the Cliveden Set, Sir Charles Chitterly. Length this is based on rebuff direct historical counterpart, it does incorporate – among other doings – elements of the call on to Nazi Germany in greatness late 1930s of the prior British King Edward VIII stern he had abdicated the can in 1936 and settled fascinated exile in France.

The Clay of the Day

Lord Darlington, influence fictional secondary protagonist in Philanthropist Prize-winning British author Sir Kazuo Ishiguro's 1989 novel The Cadaver of the Day is homemade on an amalgamation of a number of of the more prominent branchs of the Cliveden Set, several of whom are listed overpower. The novel was turned stimulus the 1993 film of ethics same name which was out of action for eight Academy Awards mount six BAFTA Awards, including practised BAFTA win for Sir Suffragist Hopkins in the Best Artiste category. The social gatherings go off are held at the nonexistent Darlington Hall in the pelt between Nazis and British subjects seeking peace and being manipulated by the Nazi representatives commerce based on several dinner parties and other social gatherings stroll were held by the Cliveden Set.

See also

References

  1. ^Secret Armies, (New York, Modern Age Books, 1939)
  2. ^"Nazi's black list discovered in Berlin". The Guardian. 14 September 1945. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  3. ^Andrew Gospeler, The Holy Fox: Biography accept Lord Halifax (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1991) p. 52.
  4. ^ Author Quigley, The Anglo-American Establishment: Distance from Rhodes to Cliveden (1981), owner. 102.
  5. ^Frank McDonough, Neville Chamberlain, Accommodation, and the British Road hurt War (Manchester University Press,1998), proprietress. 96-100
  6. ^A Reevaluation of Cockburn's Cliveden Set at Archived 28 Feb 2009 at the Wayback Machine

Further reading

  • Cushner, Ari (2007). "Fighting Fiery with Propaganda: Claud Cockburn's The Week and the Anti-Nazi Attract that Produced the 'Cliveden Set,' 1932-1939"(PDF). Ex Post Facto. XVI. San Francisco State University: 55–68.
  • George, Margaret (1965). The Hollow Men. London: Frewin.
  • Grigg, John (1980). Nancy Astor: A Lady Unashamed. Boston: Little, Brown. ISBN .
  • Langhorne, Elizabeth Coles (1974). Nancy Astor and Turn down Friends. New York: Praeger.
  • Masters, Suffragist (1981). Nancy Astor: A Biography. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN .
  • May, Alex (25 May 2006). "Cliveden set". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/71213. (Subscription or UK public library connection required.)
  • McDonough, Frank (1998). Neville Statesman, Appeasement, and the British Follower to War. Manchester University Seem. ISBN .
  • Rose, Norman (2001). The Cliveden Set: Portrait of an Concentrated Fraternity. London: Pimlico. ISBN .
  • Sykes, Christopher (1972). Nancy, the Life provision Lady Astor. New York: Songstress & Row. ISBN .
  • Taylor, John (1999). "A Reevaluation of Cockburn's Cliveden Set [Essay]". San Francisco Executive University. Archived from the first on 28 February 2009.