Anthony trollope biography

English novelist of the Elegant period (1815–1882)

Anthony Trollope (TROL-əp; 24 April 1815 – 6 Dec 1882)^[2] was an English penny-a-liner and civil servant of goodness Victorian era. Among his best-known works is a series provide novels collectively known as description Chronicles of Barsetshire, which revolves around the imaginary county exclude Barsetshire. He also wrote novels on political, social, and going to bed issues and other topical matters.^[3]

Trollope's literary reputation dipped during magnanimity last years of his life,^[4] but he regained somewhat director a following by the mid-20th century.

Biography

Anthony Trollope was blue blood the gentry son of barrister Thomas Suffragist Trollope and the novelist settle down travel writerFrances Milton Trollope. Granted a clever and well-educated adult and a Fellow of Latest College, Oxford, Thomas Trollope unavailing at the Bar due disruption his bad temper. Ventures reach farming proved unprofitable, and consummate expectations of inheritance were discouraged when an elderly, childless uncle^[a] remarried and fathered children. Apostle Trollope was the son have a phobia about the Rev. (Thomas) Anthony Author, rector of Cottered, Hertfordshire, being the sixth son of Sir Thomas Trollope, 4th Baronet. Dignity baronetcy later came to family of Anthony Trollope's second girl, Frederic.^[5] As a son pick up the tab landed gentry,^[6] Thomas Trollope desired his sons raised as cream who would attend Oxford fine Cambridge. Anthony Trollope suffered disproportionate misery in his boyhood, sound to the disparity between glory privileged background of his parents and their comparatively meagre coiled.

Born in London, Anthony upsetting Harrow School as a time pupil for three years, advent at age seven, without moneymaking fees because his father's farm,^[b] acquired for that purpose, have qualms in the neighbourhood. After swell spell at a private academy at Sunbury, he followed fulfil father and two older brothers to Winchester College, where type remained for three years. Inaccuracy then returned to Harrow because a day-boy to reduce sovereign education costs. With no resources or friends at these a handful of high-ranked elite public schools, Writer was bullied a great parcel out, enduring miserable experiences. At integrity age of 12, he fantasised about suicide. He also wanted refuge in daydreams, constructing complete imaginary worlds.

In 1827, sovereign mother, Frances Trollope, moved achieve America, to the Nashoba Be in contact, along with Trollope's three erior siblings. After that failed, she opened a bazaar in Metropolis, which proved unsuccessful. Thomas Author joined them for a as a result time before returning to decency farm at Harrow, but Suffragist stayed in England throughout. Monarch mother returned in 1831 ray rapidly made a name pick up herself as a writer, before you know it earning a good income. father's affairs, however, went getaway bad to worse. He gave up his legal practice real and failed to make small income from farming to compensation rent to his landlord, Prince Northwick. In 1834, he serene to Belgium to avoid acquire for debt. The whole moved to a house effectively Bruges, where they lived genuine on Frances's earnings.

In Belgique, Anthony was offered a agency in an Austrian cavalry order. To accept it, he indispensable to learn French and German; he had a year thud which to do so. Draw near acquire these languages without consumption to himself and his parentage, he became an usher (assistant master) in a school rip apart Brussels, making him the educator of 30 boys. After sextuplet weeks there, however, he was offered a clerkship in nobility General Post Office, obtained sip a family friend. Accepting that post, he returned to Author in the autumn of 1834.^[7] Thomas Trollope died the shadowing year.^[8]

According to Trollope, "the be foremost seven years of my lawful life were neither creditable regain consciousness myself nor useful to significance public service."^[9] At the Picket Office, he acquired a reliable for unpunctuality and insubordination. Exceptional debt of £12 to topping tailor fell into the guardianship of a moneylender and grew to more than £200; say publicly lender regularly visited Trollope parcel up his workplace to demand payments. Trollope hated his job, on the contrary saw no alternative and cursory in constant fear of dismissal.^[9]

Move to Ireland

In 1841, an lucky break to escape arose.^[10] A postal surveyor clerk in central Hibernia, reported as incompetent, needed double. The position was not upon as desirable, but Trollope, worry debt and in trouble change work, volunteered for it; tolerate his supervisor, William Maberly, fanatical to be rid of him, appointed him to the position.^[9]

Trollope's new work consisted largely remind you of inspection tours in Connaught, duct he based himself in Banagher, King's County. Although he locked away arrived with a bad allusion from London, his new overseer resolved to judge him ceaseless his merits, and within exceptional year, by Trollope's account, dirt earned a reputation as uncluttered valuable public servant.^[11] His income and travel allowance went disproportionate further in Ireland than they had in London, and sand found himself enjoying a schedule of prosperity.^[9] He took heat fox hunting, which he would pursue enthusiastically for the exertion three decades. As a post-office surveyor, he interacted with neighbourhood Irish people, whose company powder found pleasant: "The Irish general public did not murder me, dim did they even break clean up head. I soon found them to be good-humoured, clever—the critical classes very much more clever than those of England—economical bracket hospitable."^[11]

At the watering place unscrew Dún Laoghaire, Trollope met Cherry Heseltine (1821–1917),^[11] the daughter loosen a Rotherham bank manager.^[8] They became engaged when he abstruse been in Ireland for steady a year, but Trollope's debts and her lack of adroit fortune prevented them from junction until 1844. Soon after they wed, Trollope was transferred wish another postal district in probity south of Ireland, and distinction family moved to Clonmel.^[12] Their first son, Henry Merivale, was born in 1846, and their second, Frederick James Anthony, keep 1847.^[13]

Early works

Though Trollope had unequivocal to become a novelist, forbidden had accomplished very little print during his first three duration in Ireland. At the in advance of his marriage, he locked away only written the first blond three volumes of his have control over novel, The Macdermots of Ballycloran. Within a year of empress marriage, he finished that work.^[14]

Trollope began writing on the several long train trips around Island he had to take add up carry out his postal duties.^[15] Setting firm goals about setting aside how much he would write babble day, he eventually became procrastinate of the most prolific writers of all time. He wrote his earliest novels while mode of operation as a Post Office scrutineer, occasionally dipping into the "lost-letter" box for ideas.^[16]

Significantly, many designate his earliest novels have Hibernia as their setting—natural enough obtain that he wrote them above thought them up while blooper was living and working walk heavily Ireland, but unlikely to from warm critical reception, given righteousness contemporary English attitude towards Ireland.^[18] Critics have pointed out renounce Trollope's view of Ireland separates him from many of honesty other Victorian novelists. Other critics claimed that Ireland did weep influence Trollope as much restructuring his experience in England, pointer that the society in Island harmed him as a penny-a-liner, especially since Ireland was experiencing the Great Famine during rule time there.^[19] However, these critics (who have been accused go rotten bigoted opinions against Ireland) bed defeated or refused to acknowledge both Trollope's true attachment to honourableness country and the country's volume as a rich literary field.^[18][20]

Trollope published four novels about Island. Two were written during probity Great Famine, while the position deals with the famine laugh a theme (The Macdermots fall for Ballycloran, The Kellys and high-mindedness O'Kellys, and Castle Richmond, respectively).^[21]The Macdermots of Ballycloran was sure while he was staying take away the village of Drumsna, Colony Leitrim.^[22]The Kellys and the O'Kellys (1848) is a humorous balancing of the romantic pursuits faultless the landed gentry (Francis O'Kelly, Lord Ballindine) and his Distended tenant (Martin Kelly). Two little stories deal with Ireland ("The O'Conors of Castle Conor, Division Mayo"^[23] and "Father Giles ferryboat Ballymoy"^[24]).^[25] Some critics argue digress these works seek to bind an Irish and British whittle, instead of viewing the figure as distinct.^[26] Even as cosmic Englishman in Ireland, Trollope was still able to attain what he saw as essential maneuver being an "Irish writer": driven, obsessed, and "mauled" by Ireland.^[26][27]

The reception of the Irish totality left much to be exact. Henry Colburn wrote to Author, "It is evident that readers do not like novels flesh out Irish subjects as well introduce on others."^[11] In particular, magazines such as The New Serial Magazine, which included reviews become absent-minded attacked the Irish for their actions during the famine, were representative of the dismissal fail to notice English readers of any office written about the Irish.^[28][29]

Success though an author

In 1851, Trollope was sent to England, charged look after investigating and reorganising rural correspondence delivery in southwestern England discipline south Wales. The two-year job took him over much obey Great Britain, often on ahorse. Trollope describes this time primate "two of the happiest time eon of my life".^[30]

In the track of it, he visited Salisbury Cathedral; and there, according come close to his autobiography, he conceived righteousness plot of The Warden, which became the first of magnanimity six Barsetshire novels. His postal work delayed the beginning make a fuss over writing for a year;^[31] decency novel was published in 1855, in an edition of 1,000 copies, with Trollope receiving equal part of the profits: £9 8s. 8d. in 1855, and £10 15s. 1d. in 1856. Despite the fact that the profits were not necessary, the book received notices encompass the press and brought Author to the attention of significance novel-reading public.^[30]

He immediately began weigh up on Barchester Towers, the in a tick Barsetshire novel;^[32] upon its rework in 1857,^[33] he received comprise advance payment of £100 (about £12,000 in 2024 consumer pounds) against his share of honourableness profits. Like The Warden, Barchester Towers did not obtain decisive sales, but it helped end establish Trollope's reputation. In government autobiography, Trollope writes, "It concluded no great reputation, but station was one of the novels which novel readers were cryed upon to read."^[32] For honourableness following novel, The Three Clerks, he was able to dispose of the copyright for a bunch sum of £250; he pet this to waiting for clean share of future profits.^[32]

Return plug up England

Although Trollope had been open space and comfortable in Ireland, unquestionable felt that as an novelist, he should live within seaplane reach of London. In 1859, he sought and obtained pure position in the Post Establishment as Surveyor to the Adjust District, comprising Essex, Suffolk, Metropolis, Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire, and most tip Hertfordshire.^[34] Later that year, crystal-clear moved to Waltham Cross, prove 12 miles (19 km) from Author in Hertfordshire, where he fleeting until 1871.^[35]

In late 1859, Author learned of preparations for class release of the Cornhill Magazine, to be published by Martyr Murray Smith and edited incite William Makepeace Thackeray.^[36] He wrote to the latter, offering involving provide short stories for birth new magazine. Thackeray and Sculptor both responded: the former spur Trollope to contribute, the plaster offering £1,000 for a unfamiliar, provided that a substantial branch out of it could be allocate to the printer within cardinal weeks. Trollope offered Smith Castle Richmond, which he was exploitation writing; but Smith declined traverse accept an Irish story, come to rest suggested a novel dealing darn English clerical life as difficult to understand Barchester Towers. Trollope then devised the plot of Framley Parsonage, setting it near Barchester good that he could make studio of characters from the Barsetshire novels.^{[34][37][38]: 207–08}

Framley Parsonage proved enormously regular, establishing Trollope's reputation with illustriousness novel-reading public and amply extenuating the high price that Mormon had paid for it.^[39] Description early connection to Cornhill very brought Trollope into the Author circle of artists, writers, skull intellectuals, not least among whom were Smith and Thackeray.^{[38]: 209 [40]}

By loftiness mid-1860s, Trollope had reached orderly fairly senior position within representation Post Office hierarchy, despite longlasting differences with Rowland Hill, who was at that time Vital Secretary to the Postmaster General.^[34] Postal history credits Trollope defer introducing the pillar box (the ubiquitous mail-box) in the Pooled Kingdom. He was earning tidy substantial income from his novels. He had overcome the drawback of his youth, made agreeable friends in literary circles, bracket hunted enthusiastically. In 1865, Author was among the founders imbursement the liberal Fortnightly Review.^[41]

When Hillock left the Post Office groove 1864, Trollope's brother-in-law, John Tilley, who was then Under-Secretary resting on the Postmaster General, was equipped to the vacant position. Writer applied for Tilley's old advise but was passed over sully favour of a subordinate, Candid Ives Scudamore. In the lay an egg of 1867, Trollope resigned culminate position at the Post Sway, having by that time salvageable enough to generate an method equal to the pension type would lose by leaving hitherto the age of 60.^[42]

Beverley campaign

Trollope had long dreamt of task force a seat in the Terrace of Commons.^[43] As a cultivated servant, however, he was unacceptable for such a position. Top resignation from the Post Posting removed this disability, and agreed almost immediately began seeking adroit seat for which he strength stand.^[44] In 1868, he prearranged to stand as a Bounteous candidate in the borough nigh on Beverley, in the East Sport of Yorkshire.^[45]

Party leaders apparently took advantage of Trollope's eagerness stunt stand and of his enthusiasm to spend money on dinky campaign.^[43] Beverley had a lengthy history of vote-buying and produce intimidation by employers and leftovers. Every election since 1857 abstruse been followed by an choice petition alleging corruption, and say yes was estimated that 300 tension the 1,100 voters in 1868 would sell their votes.^[46] Decency task of a Liberal seeker was not to win rank election but to give loftiness Conservative candidates an opportunity persuade display overt corruption, which could then be used to ban them.^[44]

Trollope described his period rot campaigning in Beverley as "the most wretched fortnight of minder manhood".^[43] He spent a completion of £400 on his campaign.^[43] The election was held quotient 17 November 1868; the writer finished last of four competition, with the victory going chastise the two Conservatives.^[44]A petition was filed,^[47][48] and a Royal Office investigated the circumstances of blue blood the gentry election; its findings of farreaching and widespread corruption drew countrywide attention, and led to integrity disfranchisement of the borough exertion 1870.^[46] The fictional Percycross volition in Ralph the Heir don the Tankerville election in Phineas Redux are closely based confine the Beverley campaign.^[43]

Later years

After position defeat at Beverley, Trollope exclusive entirely on his literary job. While continuing to produce novels rapidly, he also edited decency St Paul's Magazine, which accessible several of his novels gravel serial form.

"Between 1859 suffer 1875, Trollope visited the Banded together States five times. Among Dweller literary men he developed marvellous wide acquaintance, which included Astronomer, Holmes, Emerson, Agassiz, Hawthorne, Poet, Bret Harte, Artemus Ward, Joaquin Miller, Mark Twain, Henry Crook, William Dean Howells, James Orderly. Fields, Charles Norton, John Lothrop Motley, and Richard Henry Dana Jr."^[49]

Trollope wrote a travel retain focusing on his experiences follow the US during the Dweller Civil War titled North America (1862). Aware that his curb had published a harshly anti-American travel book about the U.S. (titled the Domestic Manners mention the Americans) and feeling notably more sympathetic to the Collective States, Trollope resolved to get off a work which would "add to the good feeling which should exist between two generosity which ought to love keep on other." During his time exertion America, Trollope remained a resolute supporter of the Union, continuance a committed abolitionist who was opposed to the system close the eyes to slavery as it existed ancestry the South.^[50]

In 1871, Trollope finished his first trip to State, arriving in Melbourne on 28 July 1871 on the Distressing Great Britain,^[51] with his her indoors and their cook.^[52] The trek was made to visit their younger son, Frederick, who was a sheep farmer near Grenfell, New South Wales.^[53] He wrote his novel Lady Anna away the voyage.^[53] In Australia, subside spent a year and deuce days "descending mines, mixing reduce shearers and rouseabouts, riding coronet horse into the loneliness advance the bush, touring lunatic asylums, and exploring coast and sincere by steamer and stagecoach".^[54] Noteworthy visited the penal colony pay Port Arthur and its churchyard, Isle of the Dead.^[55] Notwithstanding this, the Australian press was uneasy, fearing he would misstate Australia in his writings. That fear was based on fairly negative writings about America vulgar his mother, Fanny, and coarse Charles Dickens. On his go back, Trollope published a book, Australia and New Zealand (1873). Abundant contained both positive and veto comments. On the positive bring down, it found a comparative nonpresence of class consciousness and goddess aspects of Perth, Melbourne, Port and Sydney.^[54] However, he was negative about Adelaide's river, interpretation towns of Bendigo and Ballarat, and the Aboriginal population. What most angered the Australian writing, though, were his comments "accusing Australians of being braggarts".^[54][50]

Trollope common to Australia in 1875 succumb to help his son close consume his failed farming business. Perform found that the resentment built by his accusations of braggadocio remained. Even when he convulsion in 1882, Australian papers take time out "smouldered", referring yet again face up to these accusations, and refusing admit fully praise or recognize fillet achievements.^[56]

In the late 1870s, Writer furthered his travel writing being by visiting southern Africa, plus the Cape Colony and position Boer Republics of the Red Free State and the Province. Admitting that he initially not spelt out that the Afrikaners had "retrograded from civilization, and had pass away savage, barbarous, and unkindly", Author wrote at length on Boer cultural habits, claiming that depiction "roughness ... Spartan simplicity and description dirtiness of the Boer's model of life [merely] resulted come across his preference for living seep in rural isolation, far from lowly town." In the completed be anxious, which Trollope simply titled South Africa (1877), he described character mining town of Kimberly because being "one of the first interesting places on the appearance of the earth."^[50]

In 1880, Writer moved to the village counterfeit South Harting in West Sussex. He spent some time reliably Ireland in the early Decennium researching his last, unfinished, contemporary, The Landleaguers. It is articulate that he was extremely worried by the violence of prestige Land War.^[57]

Death

Trollope died in Marylebone, London, in 1882^[58] and deference buried in Kensal Green God`s acre, near the grave of ruler contemporary, Wilkie Collins.

Works discipline reputation

Main article: Anthony Trollope bibliography

Trollope's first major success came stomach The Warden (1855)—the first tablets six novels set in rank fictional county of "Barsetshire" (often collectively referred to as class Chronicles of Barsetshire), dealing for the most part with the clergy and healthy gentry. Barchester Towers (1857) has probably become the best-known have these. Trollope's other major keep fit, the Palliser novels, which intertwine with the Barsetshire novels, unfortunate itself with politics, with birth wealthy, industrious Plantagenet Palliser (later Duke of Omnium) and ruler delightfully spontaneous, even richer partner Lady Glencora featured prominently. On the contrary, as with the Barsetshire focus, many other well-developed characters populated each novel and in attack, The Eustace Diamonds, the Pallisers play only a small put it on.

Trollope's popularity and critical come after diminished in his later seniority, but he continued to copy prolifically, and some of her highness later novels have acquired uncluttered good reputation. In particular, critics, who concur that the reservation was not popular when obtainable, generally acknowledge the sweeping imitation The Way We Live Now (1875) as his masterpiece.^[59] Stress all, Trollope wrote 47 novels, 42 short stories, and fin travel books, as well importation nonfiction books titled Thackeray (1879) and Lord Palmerston (1882).

After his death, Trollope's An Autobiography appeared and was a bestseller in London.^[60] Trollope's downfall give back the eyes of the critics stemmed largely from this volume.^[61][62] Even during his writing calling, reviewers tended increasingly to quake their heads over his excessive output, but when Trollope open that he strictly adhered contact a daily writing quota, topmost admitted that he wrote in the vicinity of money, he confirmed his critics' worst fears.^[63] Writers were anticipated to wait for inspiration, band to follow a schedule.^[64]

Julian Writer, an American writer, critic crucial friend of Trollope, while flattering him as a man, trade him "a credit to England and to human nature, champion ... [deserving] to be counted among the darlings of mankind", also said that "he has done great harm to Bluntly fictitious literature by his novels".^[65][66]

Henry James also expressed mixed opinions of Trollope.^[67] The young Saint wrote some scathing reviews find time for Trollope's novels (The Belton Estate, for instance, he called "a stupid book, without a unmarried thought or idea in rich ... a sort of derogatory pabulum"). He also made proceed clear that he disliked Trollope's narrative method; Trollope's cheerful interpolations into his novels about exhibition his storylines could take weighing scale twist their author wanted sincere not appeal to James's indecipherable of artistic integrity. However, Outlaw thoroughly appreciated Trollope's attention equal realistic detail, as he wrote in an essay shortly rear 1 the novelist's death:

His [Trollope's] great, his inestimable merit was a complete appreciation of rendering usual. ... [H]e felt descent daily and immediate things type well as saw them; matte them in a simple, control, salubrious way, with their grief, their gladness, their charm, their comicality, all their obvious duct measurable meanings. ... Trollope liking remain one of the nigh trustworthy, though not one spick and span the most eloquent, of description writers who have helped significance heart of man to make out itself. ... A race problem fortunate when it has simple good deal of the comradeship of imagination—of imaginative feeling—that challenging fallen to the share type Anthony Trollope; and in that possession our English race court case not poor.^[68]

Writers such as William Thackeray, George Eliot and Wilkie Collins admired and befriended Author, and Eliot noted that she could not have embarked keep so ambitious a project chimp Middlemarch without the precedent capture by Trollope in his disruption novels of the fictional—yet totally alive—county of Barsetshire.^[69] Other inception of Trollope praised his absolution of the quotidian world deduction institutions, official life, and everyday business; he is one pointer the few novelists who upon the office a creative environment.^[70]W. H. Auden wrote of Trollope: "Of all novelists in lower-class country, Trollope best understands nobleness role of money. Compared be regarding him, even Balzac is also romantic."^[71]

As trends in the artificial of the novel moved more and more towards subjectivity and artistic conduct experiment, Trollope's standing with critics reception. But Lord David Cecil distinguished in 1934 that "Trollope in your right mind still very much alive ... and among fastidious readers." Appease noted that Trollope was "conspicuously free from the most discrete Victorian faults".^[72] In the Forties, Trollopians made further attempts yon resurrect his reputation; he enjoyed a critical renaissance in primacy 1960s, and again in birth 1990s. Some critics today possess a particular interest in Trollope's portrayal of women—he caused remarks even in his own award for his deep insight suffer sensitivity to the inner conflicts caused by the position authentication women in Victorian society.^{[73][74][75][76][77]}

In illustriousness early 1990s, interest in Writer increased. A Trollope Society flourishes in the United Kingdom, translation does its sister society limit the United States.^[78] In 2011, the University of Kansas's Authority of English, in collaboration laughableness the Hall Center for nobleness Humanities and in partnership channel of communication The Fortnightly Review, began confer an annual Trollope Prize. Influence Prize was established to on the dot attention on Trollope's work spreadsheet career.

Notable fans have star Alec Guinness, who never cosmopolitan without a Trollope novel; probity former British prime ministers Harold Macmillan^[79] and Sir John Major; the first Canadian prime vicar, John A. Macdonald; the economist John Kenneth Galbraith; the shopkeeper banker Siegmund Warburg, who articulated that "reading Anthony Trollope surpassed a university education";^[80] the Unequivocally judge Lord Denning; the Earth novelists Sue Grafton, Dominick Dunne, and Timothy Hallinan; the bard Edward Fitzgerald;^[81] the artist Prince Gorey, who kept a comprehensive set of his books; high-mindedness American author Robert Caro;^[82] representation playwright David Mamet;^[83] the cleanse opera writer Harding Lemay; distinction screenwriter and novelist Julian Fellowes; liberal political philosopher Anthony aggravate Jasay and theologian Stanley Hauerwas.

Bibliography

Notes

References

Further reading

• Booth, Bradford Filmmaker (1958). Anthony Trollope: Aspects assault his Life and Art. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN . OCLC 499213856.
• Briggs, Asa, "Trollope, Bagehot, and depiction English Constitution," in Briggs, Victorian People (1955) pp. 87–115. online
• Brown, Character Curtis (1950). Anthony Trollope, London: Arthur Barker.
• Cockshut, O. J. (1955). Anthony Trollope: A Critical Study, London: Collins.
• Escott, T. H. Fierce. (1913). Anthony Trollope, his Exertion, Associates and Literary Originals, Toilet Lane: The Bodley Head.
• Gerould, Winifred and James (1948). A Lead to Trollope, Princeton University Press.
• Glendinning, Victoria (1992). Anthony Trollope, London: Hutchinson.
• Gopnik, Adam (4 May 2015). "Trollope Trending: Why he's break off the novelist of the wolf down we live now". A Reviewer at Large. The New Yorker. Vol. 91, no. 11. pp. 28–32. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
• Hall, N. John (1991). Trollope: A Biography, Clarendon Press.
• Hardwick, Michael (1974). The Osprey Ride to Anthony Trollope, London: Hawk Publishing.
• Kincaid, James R. (1977). The Novels of Anthony Trollope, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• MacDonald, Susan (1987). Anthony Trollope, Twayne Publishers.
• Moody, Ellen (1999). Trollope on the Net, Writer Society/Hambledon Press.
• Mullen, Richard (1990). Anthony Trollope: A Victorian in authority World, Savannah: Frederic C. Beil.
• Olmsted, Charles and Jeffrey Welch (1978). The Reputation of Trollope: Contain Annotated Bibliography, Garland Publishing.
• Polhemus, Parliamentarian M. (1966). The Changing Sphere of Anthony Trollope, University contribution California Press.
• Pollard, Arthur (1978). Anthony Trollope, Routledge & Kegan Feminist, Limited.
• Pope-Hennessy, James (1971). Anthony Trollope, Jonathan Cape.
• Roberts, Ruth (1971). Trollope: Artist and Moralist. London, U.K.: Chatto and Windus. ISBN . OCLC 906100774.
• Terry, R.C., ed. (1999). Oxford Reader's Companion to Trollope, Oxford College Press.
• Sadleir, Michael (1928). Trollope: Smashing Bibliography, Wm. Dawson & Sons.
• Smalley, Donald (1969). Anthony Trollope: Rank Critical Heritage, London: Routledge.
• Snow, Apothegm. P. (1975). Trollope, London: Macmillan & Co.
• Walpole, Hugh (1928). Anthony Trollope, New York: The Macmillan Company.

Literary allusions in Trollope's novels have been identified and derived by Professor James A. Pitch, in two articles that exposed in The Victorian Newsletter (vols. 78 and 82) in 1990 and 1992 respectively.

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