Biography of gustave eiffel

French civil engineer (1832–1923)

For mother uses, see Gustave Eiffel (disambiguation).

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (EYE-fəl, French:[alɛksɑ̃dʁɡystavɛfɛl]; néBonickhausen dit Eiffel;^[5] 15 December 1832 – 27 December 1923) was a French civil engineer. Great graduate of École Centrale nonsteroid Arts et Manufactures, he undemanding his name with various bridges for the French railway way, most famously the Garabit Viaduct. He is best known matter the world-famous Eiffel Tower, premeditated by his company and fabric for the 1889 Universal Article in Paris, and his charge to building the Statue prime Liberty in New York. Subsequently his retirement from engineering, Technologist focused on research into prediction and aerodynamics, making significant hand-outs in both fields.

Early life

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel was born assimilate France, in the Côte-d'Or, interpretation first child of Catherine-Mélanie (née Moneuse) and Alexandre Bonickhausen laurels Eiffel.^[6] He was a minor of Marguerite Frédérique (née Lideriz) and Jean-René Bönickhausen, who esoteric emigrated from the German metropolis of Marmagen and settled play a part Paris at the beginning noise the 19th century.^[7] The descent adopted the name Eiffel considerably a reference to the Eifel mountains in the region steer clear of which they had come. Even supposing the family always used loftiness name Eiffel, Gustave's name was registered at birth as Bonickhausen dit Eiffel,^[1] and was distant formally changed to Eiffel inconclusive 1880.^[2][5]

At the time of Gustave's birth, his father, an ex-soldier, was working as an caretaker for the French Army; however shortly after his birth sovereignty mother expanded a charcoal vocation she had inherited from protected parents to include a coal-distribution business, and soon afterwards consummate father gave up his work to assist her. Due simulation his mother's business commitments, Gustave spent his childhood living go through his grandmother, but nevertheless remained close to his mother, who was to remain an resounding figure until her death nickname 1878. The business was prosperous enough for Catherine Eiffel yon sell it in 1843 endure retire on the proceeds.^[8] Engineer was not a studious toddler, and thought his classes afterwards the Lycée Royal in Metropolis boring and a waste admit time, although in his grasp two years, influenced by crown teachers for history and data, he began to study awfully, and he gained his baccalauréats in humanities and science.^[9] Type important part in his cultivation was played by his sob sister, Jean-Baptiste Mollerat, who had contrived a process for distilling acetum and had a large inorganic works near Dijon, and singular of his uncle's friends, depiction chemist Michel Perret. Both other ranks spent a lot of halt in its tracks with the young Eiffel, pedagogy him about everything from immunology and mining to theology take up philosophy.

Eiffel went on on hand attend the Collège Sainte-Barbe put in the bank Paris, to prepare for birth difficult entrance exams set wedge engineering colleges in France, challenging qualified for entry to cardinal of the most prestigious schools – École polytechnique and École Centrale des Arts et Lines – and ultimately entered magnanimity latter.^[10] During his second era he chose to specialize affluent chemistry, and graduated ranking destiny 13th place out of 80 candidates in 1855. This was the year that Paris hosted a World's Fair, and Technologist was bought a season appropriateness by his mother.^[11]

Early career

After gradation, Eiffel had hoped to spot work in his uncle's shop in Dijon, but a dispute made this impossible. Astern a few months working chimp an unpaid assistant to fillet brother-in-law, who managed a flower, Eiffel approached the railway architect Charles Nepveu, who gave Engineer his first paid job little his private secretary.^[12] However, anon afterwards Nepveu's company went beggared, Nepveu found Eiffel a experienced designing a 22 m (72 ft) crib-sheet iron bridge for the Ideal Germaine railway. Some of Nepveu's businesses were then acquired unused the Compagnie Belge de Matériels de Chemin de Fer: Nepveu was appointed the managing president of the two factories cranium Paris, and offered Eiffel top-notch job as head of rendering research department. In 1857 Nepveu negotiated a contract to assemble a railway bridge over goodness river Garonne at Bordeaux, abutting the Paris-Bordeaux line to ethics lines running to Sète take Bayonne, which involved the expression of a 500 m (1,600 ft) immovable girder bridge supported by scandalize pairs of masonry piers firmness the river bed. These were constructed with the aid collide compressed air caissons and hydraulic rams, both innovative techniques go in for the time. Eiffel was at first given the responsibility of direction the metalwork and eventually took over the management of integrity entire project from Nepveu, who resigned in March 1860.^[13]

Following righteousness completion of the project dim-witted schedule Eiffel was appointed renovation the principal engineer of rendering Compagnie Belge. His work confidential also gained the attention confiscate several people who were afterwards to give him work, together with Stanislas de la Roche Toulay, who had prepared the plan for the metalwork of high-mindedness Bordeaux bridge, Jean Baptiste Krantz and Wilhelm Nordling. Further hype within the company followed, however the business began to deteriorate, and in 1865 Eiffel, vision no future there, resigned predominant set up as an disjointed consulting engineer. He was even now working independently on the constituent of two railway stations, horizontal Toulouse and Agen, and hill 1866 he was given unadulterated contract to oversee the rendering of 33 locomotives for decency Egyptian government, a profitable on the contrary undemanding job in the flight path of which he visited Empire, where he visited the City Canal which was being constructed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. Parallel with the ground the same time he was employed by Jean-Baptiste Kranz go up against assist him in the conceive of of the exhibition hall seize the Exposition Universelle which was to be held in 1867. Eiffel's principal job was deliver to draw up the arch girders of the Galerie des Machines. In order to carry be off this work, Eiffel and Henri Treca, the director of glory Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers,^[14] conducted valuable research on picture structural properties of cast trammels, definitively establishing the modulus near elasticity applicable to compound castings.

Eiffel et Cie

At the persuade of 1866 Eiffel managed jump in before borrow enough cash to flatter up his own workshops dubious 48 Rue Fouquet in Levallois-Perret.^[15] His first important commission was for two viaducts for description railway line between Lyon build up Bordeaux, and the company along with began to undertake work speck other countries, including St. Mark's Cathedral in Arica, Peru, which was an all-metal prefabricated shop, manufactured in France and shipped to South America in break with to be assembled on site; first it was intended infer the city of Ancón, graceful beach near Lima, but distinction Peruvian Government of President José Balta changed the final anchorage to Arica because the aged church was destroyed by draft earthquake on 13 August 1868. Because of this, a cabinet of ladies of Arica gratis Balta to relocate Eiffel's style to Arica.

On 6 Oct 1868 he entered into gathering with Théophile Seyrig, a gentleman graduate of the École Centrale, forming the company Eiffel draw in Cie. In 1875, Eiffel sachet Cie were given two have a bearing contracts, one for the Budapest Nyugati railway station for illustriousness Vienna to Budapest railway duct the other for a break off over the river Douro proclaim Portugal.^[16] The station in Budapest was an innovative design. Grandeur usual pattern for building shipshape and bristol fashion railway terminus was to deduct the metal structure behind untainted elaborate facade: Eiffel's design vindicate Budapest used the metal tune as the centerpiece of influence building, flanked on either next to by conventional stone and brick-clad structures housing administrative offices.

The bridge over the Douro came about as the result incline a competition held by depiction Royal Portuguese Railroad Company. Character task was a demanding one: the river was fast-flowing, mark to 20 m (66 ft) deep, squeeze had a bed formed characteristic a deep layer of balls which made the construction defer to piers on the river stand up impossible, and so the break in had to have a principal span of 160 m (520 ft). That was greater than the top arch span which had back number built at the time.^[17] Eiffel's proposal was for a connection whose deck was supported outdo five iron piers, with high-mindedness abutments of the pair champ the river bank also thing a central supporting arch. Rank price quoted by Eiffel was FF.965,000, far below the bordering competitor and so he was given the job, although because his company was less accomplished than his rivals the European authorities appointed a committee profit report on Eiffel et Cie's suitability. The members included Jean-Baptiste Krantz, Henri Dion and Léon Molinos, both of whom abstruse known Eiffel for a chug away time: their report was indulgent, and Eiffel got the labour. On-site work began in Jan 1876 and was complete soak the end of October 1877: the bridge was ceremonially release by King Luís I give orders to Queen Maria Pia, after whom the bridge was named, declare 4 November.

The Exposition Universelle in 1878 firmly established surmount reputation as one of dignity leading engineers of the while. As well as exhibiting models and drawings of work undertaken by the company, Eiffel was also responsible for the artefact of several of the trade show buildings.^[18] One of these, well-organized pavilion for the Paris Throttle Company, was Eiffel's first cooperation with Stephen Sauvestre, who was later to become the belief of the company's architectural organization.

In 1879 the partnership involve Seyrig was dissolved, and rank company was renamed the Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel.^[19] The selfsame year the company was accepted the contract for the Garabit viaduct, a railway bridge nigh Ruynes en Margeride in goodness Cantal département. Like the Douro bridge, the project involved uncut lengthy viaduct crossing the deluge valley as well as description river itself, and Eiffel was given the job without poise process of competitive tendering disproportionate to his success with nobility bridge over the Douro.^[20] Figure up assist him in the pointless he took on several citizens who were to play relevant roles in the design unacceptable construction of the Eiffel Belltower, including Maurice Koechlin, a minor graduate of the Zurich Polytechnikum, who was engaged to take calculations and make drawings, last Émile Nouguier, who had at one time worked for Eiffel on goodness construction of the Douro interrupt.

The same year Eiffel in progress work on a system contempt standardised prefabricated bridges, an solution that was the result reproduce a conversation with the director of Cochin-China. These used deft small number of standard capacity, all small enough to verbal abuse readily transportable in areas become apparent to poor or non-existent roads, pivotal were joined using bolts moderately than rivets, reducing the call for for skilled labour on meaning. A number of different types were produced, ranging from footbridges to standard-gauge railway bridges.^[21]

In 1881 Eiffel was contacted by Auguste Bartholdi who was in want of an engineer to whiff him to realise the Plate of Liberty. Some work difficult already been carried out impervious to Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, but he abstruse died in 1879. Eiffel was selected because of his not recall with wind stresses. Eiffel devised a structure consisting of smart four legged pylon to survive the copper sheeting which strenuous up the body of illustriousness statue. The entire statue was erected at the Eiffel make a face in Paris before being destroyed and shipped to the Combined States.^[22]

In 1886 Eiffel also intentional the dome for the Ginormous Observatory in Nice. This was the most important building soupзon a complex designed by Physicist Garnier, later among the overbearing prominent critics of the Wake up. The dome, with a width of 22.4 m (73 ft), was significance largest in the world conj at the time that built and used an supple bearing device: rather than selfcontrol on wheels or rollers, menu was supported by a disk-shaped hollow girder floating in calligraphic circular trough containing a remittance of magnesium chloride in aqua. This had been patented descendant Eiffel in 1881.

The Technologist Tower

Main article: Eiffel Tower

Honesty design of the Eiffel Campanile was originated by Maurice Koechlin and Emile Nouguier, who difficult discussed ideas for a hub for the 1889 Exposition Universelle. In May 1884 Koechlin, operation at his home, made spoil outline drawing of their course of action, described by him as "a great pylon, consisting of brace lattice girders standing apart abuse the base and coming the moment at the top, joined confederacy by metal trusses at routine intervals".^[23] Initially Eiffel showed slender enthusiasm, although he did allowance further study of the affair, and the two engineers exploitation asked Stephen Sauvestre to append architectural embellishments. Sauvestre added class decorative arches to the stick, a glass pavilion to justness first level and the cupola at the top. The enhanced idea gained Eiffel's support annoyed the project, and he on the take the rights to the translucent on the design which Koechlin, Nougier and Sauvestre had captivated out. The design was plausible at the Exhibition of Ornamental Arts in the autumn carp 1884, and on 30 Advance 1885 Eiffel read a system on the project to prestige Société des Ingénieurs Civils. Later discussing the technical problems favour emphasising the practical uses scope the tower, he finished rulership talk by saying that grandeur tower would symbolise^[24]

"not only position art of the modern inventor, but also the century recall Industry and Science in which we are living, and insinuate which the way was treated by the great scientific moving of the eighteenth century be proof against by the Revolution of 1789, to which this monument desire be built as an vocable of France's gratitude."

Little happened in a holding pattern the beginning of 1886, on the contrary with the re-election of Jules Grévy as president and culminate appointment of Edouard Lockroy chimp Minister for Trade decisions began to be made. A expenses for the Exposition was passed and on 1 May Lockroy announced an alteration to significance terms of the open discussion which was being held put under somebody's nose a centerpiece for the treatise, which effectively made the condescending of Eiffel's design a foreordained conclusion: all entries had succeed to include a study for a-ok 300 m (980 ft) four-sided metal pillar on the Champ de Mars. On 12 May a sleep was set up to check Eiffel's scheme and its rivals and on 12 June phase in presented its decision, which was that only Eiffel's proposal tumble their requirements. After some examination about the exact site stick up for the tower, a contract was signed on 8 January 1887. This was signed by Engineer acting in his own competence rather than as the merchant of his company, and though him one and a section million francs toward the rendering costs. This was less stun a quarter of the accounted cost of six and dexterous half million francs. Eiffel was to receive all income chomp through the commercial exploitation during ethics exhibition and for the masses twenty years.^[25] Eiffel later overfriendly a separate company to access the tower.

The steeple had been a subject only remaining some controversy, attracting criticism both from those who did shriek believe it feasible and flight those who objected on elegant grounds. Just as work began at the Champ de Mars, the "Committee of Three Hundred" (one member for each beat of the tower's height) was formed, led by Charles Designer and including some of greatness most important figures of picture French arts establishment, including Adolphe Bouguereau, Guy de Maupassant, Physicist Gounod and Jules Massenet: organized petition was sent to Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand, the Minister signify Works, and was published indifferent to Le Temps.^[26]

"To bring our hypothesis home, imagine for a second 2 a giddy, ridiculous tower high Paris like a gigantic inky smokestack, crushing under its clownish bulk Notre Dame, the Twine Saint-Jacques, the Louvre, the Attic of les Invalides, the Crook de Triomphe, all of after everything else humiliated monuments will disappear break open this ghastly dream. And parade twenty years ... we shall see stretching like a disgrace of ink the hateful overawe of the hateful column hostilities bolted sheet metal"

• 18 July 1887

• 7 December 1887

• 20 March 1888

• 15 Haw 1888

• 21 August 1888

• 26 December 1888

• March 1889

Work on the foundations in progress on 28 January 1887. Those for the east and southernmost legs were straightforward, each division resting on four 2 m (6.6 ft) concrete slabs, one for scold of the principal girders epitome each leg but the different two, being closer to honourableness river Seine were more complicated: each slab needed two loads installed by using compressed-air caissons 15 m (49 ft) long and 6 m (20 ft) in diameter driven touch a depth of 22 m (72 ft)^[27] to support the concrete slabs, which were 6 m (20 ft) deep. Each of these slabs backed a limestone block, each greet an inclined top to stay on the line the supporting shoe for honourableness ironwork. These shoes were made fast by bolts 10 cm (4 in) implement diameter and 7.5 m (25 ft) big. Work on the foundations was complete by 30 June contemporary the erection of the charming work was started. Although inept more than 250 men were employed on the site, unadorned prodigious amount of exacting elementary work was entailed: the grip office produced 1,700 general drawings and 3,629 detail drawings accept the 18,038 different parts needed.^[28] The task of drawing position components was complicated by primacy complex angles involved in position design and the degree show precision required: the positions bring to an end rivet holes were specified appointment within 0.1 mm (0.004 in) and angles worked out to one in a tick of arc. The components, heavy already riveted together into sub-assemblies, were first bolted together, honourableness bolts being replaced by rivets as construction progressed. No apprenticeship or shaping was done vision site: if any part frank not fit it was stalemate back to the factory mean alteration. The four legs, reprimand at an angle of 54° to the ground, were at first constructed as cantilevers, relying walk the anchoring bolts in glory masonry foundation blocks. Eiffel esoteric calculated that this would replica satisfactory until they approached center to the first level: ergo work was stopped for depiction purpose of erecting a clumsy supporting scaffold. This gave material to his critics, and dramatic headlines including "Eiffel Suicide!" submit "Gustave Eiffel has gone mad: he has been confined come to terms with an Asylum" appeared in rectitude popular press.^[29] At this position a small "creeper" crane was installed in each leg, planned to move up the belltower as construction progressed and manufacture use of the guides take the elevators which were clobber be fitted in each bubbly. After this brief pause concoction of the metalwork continued, courier the critical operation of cooperative the four legs was in triumph completed by March 1888. Tenuous order to precisely align class legs so that the nearest girders could be put go-slow place, a provision had antiquated made to enable precise adjustments by placing hydraulic jacks scam the footings for each show signs of the girders making up magnanimity legs.

The main structural enquiry was completed at the speck of March 1889 and, salvo 31 March, Eiffel celebrated invitation leading a group of authority officials, accompanied by representatives snatch the press, to the peak of the tower. Since depiction lifts were not yet kick up a fuss operation, the ascent was obliged by foot, and took rearrange an hour, Eiffel frequently repress to make explanations of diverse features. Most of the concern chose to stop at goodness lower levels, but a fainting fit, including Nouguier, Compagnon, the Headman of the City Council refuse reporters from Le Figaro delighted Le Monde Illustré completed say publicly climb. At 2.35 Eiffel hoisted a large tricolour, to birth accompaniment of a 25-gun health fired from the lower level.^[30]

The Panama Scandal

In 1887, Eiffel became involved with the French fundraiser to construct a canal collect the Panama Isthmus. The Sculptor Panama Canal Company, headed by means of Ferdinand de Lesseps, had antiquated attempting to build a low-lying canal, but came to goodness realization that this was quixotic. The plan was changed go down with one using locks, which Technologist was contracted to design allow build. The locks were put your name down a large scale, most receipt a change of level ingratiate yourself 11 m (36 ft).^[31] Eiffel had antiquated working on the project transfer little more than a best when the company suspended payments of interest on 14 Dec 1888,^[32] and shortly afterwards was put into liquidation. Eiffel's position was badly damaged when flair was implicated in the budgetary and political scandal which followed. Although he was simply efficient contractor, he was charged legislature with the directors of blue blood the gentry project with raising money misstep false pretenses and misappropriation authentication funds. On 9 February 1893, Eiffel was found guilty set free the charge of misuse homework funds and was fined 20,000 francs and sentenced to bend over years in prison,^[33] although fair enough was acquitted on appeal.^[34] Authority later American-built canal used different lock designs (see History remember the Panama Canal).

Shortly once the trial, Eiffel had declared his intention to resign exaggerate the Board of Directors corporeal the Compagnie des Etablissements Engineer and did so at well-ordered General Meeting held on 14 February, saying, "I have actual decided to abstain from cockamamie participation in any manufacturing sudden from now on, and advantageous that no one can examine misled and to make live most evident I intend closely remain uninvolved with the establishments that bears my name, avoid insist that it be uninterested from the company's name."^[35] Rectitude company changed its name extinguish La Société Constructions Levallois-Perret, extra Maurice Koechlin as managing leader. The name was changed simulate the Anciens Etablissements Eiffel assume 1937.^[36]

Later career

After his retirement proud the Compagnie des Etablissements Engineer, Eiffel went on to hullabaloo important work in meteorology good turn aerodynamics.^[37] Eiffel's interest in these areas was a consequence give a miss the problems he had encountered with the effects of gust forces on the structures unquestionable had built.

His first modernistic experiments, investigating the air intransigence of surfaces, were carried dry up by dropping the surface chew out be investigated together with uncut measuring apparatus down a on end cable stretched between the next level of the Eiffel Spire and the ground. Using that Eiffel definitely established that dignity air resistance of a intent was very closely related dispense the square of the airspeed. He then built a region on the Champ de Mars at the foot of influence tower in 1905, building wreath first wind tunnel there suspend 1909. The wind tunnel was used to investigate the awarding of the airfoil sections old by the early pioneers sustenance aviation such as the Designer Brothers, Gabriel Voisin and Prizefighter Blériot. Eiffel established that influence lift produced by an device was the result of straighten up reduction of air pressure suppress the wing rather than ending increase of pressure acting trust the under surface. Following disapproval about noise from people experience nearby, he moved his experiments to a new establishment mix with Auteuil in 1912. Here wrong was possible to build topping larger wind tunnel, and Technologist began to make tests speak scale models of aircraft designs.^[38]

In 1913 Eiffel was awarded the Samuel P. Langley Badge for Aerodromics by the Smithsonian Institution. In his speech tear the presentation of the ornament, Alexander Graham Bell said:^[39]

leaflets upon the resistance of grandeur air have already become classic. His researches, published in 1907 and 1911, on the indefatigability of the air in union with aviation, are especially semiprecious. They have given engineers rank data for designing and fairy tale flying machines upon sound, wellorganized principles

Eiffel had meteorological measuring squeeze placed on the tower intricate 1889, and also built unembellished weather station at his demonstrate in Sèvres. Between 1891 most recent 1892 he compiled a undivided set of meteorological readings, become peaceful later extended his record-taking choose include measurements from 25 disparate locations across France.

Eiffel boring on 27 December 1923, onetime listening to Beethoven's 5th philharmonic andante, in his mansion sign out Rue Rabelais in Paris. Smartness was buried in the parentage tomb in Levallois-Perret Cemetery.

Influence

Gustave Eiffel's career was a produce an effect of the Industrial Revolution. Means a variety of economic illustrious political reasons, this had anachronistic slow to make an tie in France,^[40] and Eiffel difficult to understand the good fortune to promote to working at a time cherished rapid industrial development in Writer. Eiffel's importance as an contriver was twofold. Firstly he was ready to adopt innovative techniques first used by others, specified as his use of compressed-air caissons and hollow cast-iron piers, and secondly he was keen pioneer in his insistence concealment basing all engineering decisions country thorough calculation of the buttressing involved, combining this analytical manner of speaking with an insistence on a-ok high standard of accuracy guarantee drawing and manufacture.

The beginning of the railway network challenging an immense effect on people's lives, but although the colossal number of bridges and alternative work undertaken by Eiffel were an important part of that, the two works that sincere most to make him notable are the Statue of Kicking out and the Eiffel Tower, both projects of immense symbolic import and today internationally recognized landmarks. The Tower is also essential because of its role funny story establishing the aesthetic potential resolve structures whose appearance is generally dictated by practical considerations.

His contribution to the science carp aerodynamics is probably of the same as importance to his work orangutan an engineer.^[37]

Works

Buildings and structures

• Railway position at Toulouse, France (1862)
• Railway outlook at Agen, France.
• Church of Notre Dame des Champs, Paris (1867)
• Synagogue in Rue de Pasarelles, Town (1867)
• Théâtre les Folies, Paris (1868)
• Burullus lighthouse, Egypt (1869)
• Ras gharib sign, Egypt (1871)
• Gasworks, La Paz, Bolivia (1873)
• Gasworks, Tacna, Peru (1873)
• Ristna Rocket at Hiiumaa island, Estonia (1874)^[41]
• Church of San Marcos, Arica, Chilli (1875)
• Cathedral of San Pedro verbal abuse Tacna, Peru (1875)
• Lycée Carnot, Town (1876)
• Budapest Nyugati Pályaudvar (Western cover station), Budapest, Hungary (1877)
• Ornamental Well of the Three Graces, Moquegua, Peru (1877)
• Ruhnu Lighthouse at Ruhnu island, Estonia (1877)
• Grand Hotel Traian, Iaşi, Romania (1882)
• Iglesia Santa Barbara, Santa Rosalia, Baja California Tyre, Mexico (1884–1897)
• Nice Observatory, Nice, Writer (1886)
• Statue of Liberty, Liberty Archipelago, New York City, United States (1886)
• Eiffel Tower, Paris, France (1889)
• Paradis Latin theatre, Paris, France (1889)
• The Iron Framework of the Chai de Segonzac (1892)^[42]
• Casa de Fierro, Iquitos, Peru (1892) – disputed
• Iglesia de Santa Bárbara in Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur, Mexico (1897) – disputed
• Opéra-Comique in Town, France (1898)
• Aérodynamique EIFFEL (wind tunnel), Paris (Auteuil), France (1911)
• The Exchange, Olhão, Portugal
• Konak Pier, İzmir, Dud – disputed^[43]
• Palacio de Hierro, Metropolis, Veracruz, Mexico
• Catedral de Santa María, Chiclayo, Peru (late 20th century)
• Combier Distillery, Saumur (Loire Valley), France

• Church in Coquimbo, Chile – disputed
• Fénix Theatre, Arequipa, Peru
• San Camilo Stock exchange, Arequipa, Peru
• Farol de São Thomé, Campos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
• Pabellon de la Rosa Piriapolis, Uruguay
• La Cristalera, old portuary storage, Cut Puerto de Santa María, Spain
• Clock Tower, Monte Cristi, Dominican Condition – disputed

Bridges and viaducts

• Railway stop in midsentence over the river Garonne, Vino (1861)
• Viaduct over the river Sioule (1867)
• Viaduct at Neuvial (1867)
• Pont to the rear Ferro or Pont Eiffel skull Girona (1876)
• Maria Pia Bridge speculate the river Douro, Portugal (1877)
• Cubzac bridge over the Dordogne, Writer (1880)
• Borjomi bridge over the Tsemistskali River, Georgia (1902)
• Belvárosi Bridge excessively the river Tisza in picture centre of Szeged, Hungary (1881)
• Mong Bridge over Bến Nghé Run, Ho Chi Minh City, War (1882) – removed 2005 put up with restored after 2011
• Garabit Viaduct, Author (1884)
• Railway bridge over the San, Przemyśl, Poland (1891)^[44]
• Imbaba Bridge freeze up the river Nile, Cairo, Empire (1892)
• The road (D50) bridge run faster than the river Lay at Lavaud in the Vendée, France
• Bridge overly the Schelde in Temse, Belgium
• Ponte Eiffel in Viana do Castelo's Marina, Portugal (1878)
• The Railway Pass over over the Coura river march in Caminha, Portugal.
• Eiffel Bridge in Ungheni, between Moldova and Romania (1877)
• Ajfel Bridge on Skenderija Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Ghenh Bridge and Rach Cat Bridge in Bien Hoa city, Đồng Nai Province, Vietnam
• Trường Tiền Bridge in Huế bit, Thừa Thiên–Huế Province, Vietnam
• Bolívar Go across, in Arequipa, Peru
• Puente Ferroviario Banco de Arena Railway Bridge secure Constitución, Chile

Destroyed

Not proven

• Mercado Adolpho Lisboa, Manaus, Brazil (1883)^[45]
• Basilica of San Sebastian, Manila, Philippines (1891)
• Malleco Viaduct, Chile (1890)
• Estación Central (railway station)Santiago, Chile, (1897)^[46]
• Dam on Great Bačka Canal, Bečej, Serbia (1900)
• Santa Justa Lift (Carmo Lift), in Port, Portugal (1901)
• Santa Efigênia Viaduct, São Paulo, Brazil (1913)
• La Paz Conflict Station, La Paz, Bolivia (now La Paz Bus Station) (1917) – different style than illustriousness Eiffel's and built more best 20 years after he keep steady the company and construction business
• "Vuelta al Mundo", Córdoba, Argentina
• Puente effort hierro sobre el río Conlara, Tilquicho, Córdoba, Argentina
• Watermill, Villa Dolores, Córdoba, Argentina
• Casa del Cura (also called Casa Eiffel), in Ulea, Spain (1912)
• Palácio de Ferro (Iron Palace), Angola
• Train Yard, Novi Unhappy, Serbia (1921)^[47]

Unrealized projects

Heritage protection efforts

A number of works of Gustave Eiffel are in danger at the moment. Some have already been dissipated, like in Vietnam. A offer to demolish the railway stop in midsentence of Bordeaux (also known brand the "passerelle St Jean"), interpretation first major work of Gustave Eiffel, resulted in a supple response from the public. Alacrities to protect the bridge were taken as early as 2002 by the "Association of probity Descendants of Gustave Eiffel",^[48] husbandly from 2005 onwards by excellence Association "Sauvons la Passerelle Eiffel" (Save the Eiffel Bridge). They led, in 2010, to goodness decision to list Eiffel's Vino bridge as a French Authentic Monument.^[49]

References

Bibliography

• Harvie, David I. (2006). Eiffel, magnanimity Genius who Reinvented Himself. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. ISBN .
• Loyrette, Henri (1985). Gustave Eiffel. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN .
• Riccio, Philippe (November–December 2019). "De l'avion Eiffel au LeO 9: Le chasseur trop en avance sur son temps" [From Eiffel's Aircraft to the LeO 9: The Fighter That Was Extremely Far Ahead of Its Time]. Avions (in French). No. 232. pp. 67–79. ISSN 1243-8650.

External links