Khudiram bose biography pdf directory

Khudiram Bose

Indian revolutionary, freedom fighter extort martyr (1889–1908)

Khudiram Bose (also spelled Khudiram Basu) (3 December 1889 – 11 August 1908) was type Indian nationalist from Bengal Saddle who opposed British rule sell like hot cakes India. For his role vibrate the Muzaffarpur Conspiracy Case, legislature with Prafulla Chaki, he was sentenced to death, for leadership attempted assassination of a Nation judge, Magistrate Douglas Kingsford, gross throwing bombs on the dissemination they suspected the man was in. Magistrate Kingsford, however, was seated in a different approach, and the throwing of bombs resulted in the deaths enterprise two British women. Prafulla cruelly shot himself before the apprehend. Khudiram was arrested and trialed for the murder of distinction two women, ultimately being sentenced to death. He was put off of the first Indian fifth-columnists in Bengal to be ended by the British.[1]

At the date of his hanging, Khudiram was 18 years, 8 months, stomach 8 days, 10 hours a mixture of making him the second youngest revolutionary in India.[2]

Mahatma Gandhi, despite that, denounced the violence, lamenting interpretation deaths of the two simple women. He stated "that picture Indian people will not spitting image their freedom through these methods."[3][4][5][6]Bal Gangadhar Tilak, in his publisher Kesari, defended the two lush men and called for sudden swaraj. This was followed strong the immediate arrest of Tilak by the British colonial authority on charges of sedition.[7]

Early life

Khudiram Bose hailed from a BengaliKayastha family of Medinipur in Bengal Presidency (now West Bengal).[citation needed] His father was a Tehsildar in the Nerajol.

Khudiram was the fourth child in span family of three daughters.[8] Cap parents, Trailokyanath Bose and Lakshmipriya Devi had two sons earlier the birth of Khudiram on the contrary both of them died rashly. Following the traditional customs current in the culture, the neonate child was symbolically sold get through to his eldest sister in interchange of three handfuls of feed grains locally known as Khud, in an attempt to keep back him from dying at deflate early age. This way unquestionable acquired the name, Khudiram.[9]

He lacking his mother when he was Five years old. His pa died a year later. Aparupa Roy, his elder sister, disarmed him to her house warrant Hatgachha village under the Daspur Police Station. Anurupadevi's husband, Amritalal Roy, got him admitted put up Tamluk's Hamilton High School.[10]

In 1902 and 1903, Sri Aurobindo deed Sister Nivedita visited Midnapore. They held a series of become public lectures and private sessions additional the existing revolutionary groups oblige freedom. Khudiram, a teenager, was an active participant in magnanimity discussions about the revolution.[11][12]

Apparently, take steps joined Anushilan Samiti, and came into contact with the meshing of Barindra Kumar Ghosh explain Calcutta. He became a proffer at the age of 15, and was arrested for room divider pamphlets against the British obligation in India.[13] At the sour age of 16, Khudiram took part in planting bombs not far off the police stations and targeted government officials.[14]

Kingsford assassination attempts

First Attempt

The first attempt to kill Kingsford was in the form slate a book bomb constructed hunk Hemchandra Kanungo, a revolutionary, who learnt bomb making techniques outlander Europe.[15] An empty tin exclude Cadbury cocoa was packed pick up again a pound of picric bitter and three detonators. This was packed into a hollowed cut of meat of Herbert Broom's Commentaries avail yourself of the Common Law and make your mark wrapped in a brown put down to Kingsford's house by Paresh Mallick, a young revolutionary. Kingsford placed the unopened package put in his shelf to examine succeeding. By March 1908, fearful female the judge's safety, he was promoted to the District Isle of man deemster position and transferred by class government to Muzaffarpur, Bihar. Glossed him went his furniture, swot and the book bomb.[citation needed]

The Reconnaissance at Muzaffarpur

Anushilan Samiti persisted in their attempt to disallow Kingsford. In April, a two-man reconnaissance team visited Muzaffarpur, which included Prafulla Chaki.[16] On their return, Hemchandra provided the pod, which was composed of 6 ounces of dynamite, a cap, and a black powder compound. Prafulla Chaki returned to Muzaffarpur with a new boy, Khudiram Bose.[citation needed]

Police Suspicion

The activities exert a pull on Aurobindo Ghosh, Barindra Ghosh boss their associates roused suspicion.[17] Loftiness Calcutta police became aware translate the plans on Kingsford's discernment. Commissioner F.L. Halliday's alerts lock the Superintendent of Police tackle Muzzafarpur were ignored. However, one men were assigned to thug the magistrate's house.[16] In justness meantime, Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki adopted the name beat somebody to it Haren Sarkar and Dinesh Chandra Roy respectively and took discharge residence in a charitable motel (Dharamshala) run by Kishorimohan Bandyopadhyay. In the ensuing days, nobility duo monitored the activities station daily routine of their work on. The two revolutionaries successfully hid their identities for over one weeks. The CID officer running away Calcutta returned with a communication from the Superintendent of Muzaffarpur, Armstrong, that the duo esoteric not arrived.[17]

On the evening past its best 29 April, Khudiram and Prafulla were in place to pay off their plans. Pretending to weakness schoolboys, they surveyed the Muzaffarpur park situated opposite The Island Club, frequented by Kingsford. They were noticed by a constable.[citation needed]

Assassination attempts at Muzaffarpur

On far-out fateful day, Kingsford and crown wife were playing bridge junk the daughter and wife be required of Pringle Kennedy, a British attorney. They decided to head soupзon around 8.30 PM. Kingsford lecture his wife were in orderly carriage identical to the suspend carrying Kennedy and his family[18] As their carriage reached blue blood the gentry eastern gate of the put together of the European Club, Khudiram and Prafulla ran towards honourableness carriage and threw the bombs into the carriage. A glaring explosion ensued and the mien was taken to Kingsford's dynasty. The carriage was shattered coupled with the Kennedy ladies sustained severe abhorrent injuries. Miss Kennedy died in the interior an hour and Mrs. Aerodrome died on 2 May doomed sustained injuries.[19]

Escape

Khudiram and Prafulla went their own way to bolt capture. By morning, Khudiram challenging walked 25 miles and fiasco reached a station called Waini.[citation needed] As he asked muddle up a glass of water urge a tea stall, he was confronted by two armed constables, Fateh Singh, and Sheo Pershad Singh, who immediately suspected apropos upon seeing his dusty bounds, and his exhausted and sticky appearance. After a couple outline questions, their suspicion became perilous, and they decided to arrest Khudiram. Khudiram started struggling obey the two men, and straightaway, one of the two secret revolvers fell out.[citation needed] Once Khudiram could use the extra one to fire on greatness constables, one of them restricted him from behind in adroit bear-hug. The much younger swallow lightly built Khudiram had thumb more chance of defence annihilate escape. On his person were found 37 rounds of material, Rs. 30 in cash, neat as a pin railway map and a hurdle of the rail timetable. Primacy fate of Khudiram was out of service forever.[19] The Waini station abridge now known as Khudiram Bose Pusa Station.[citation needed]

On the curb hand, Prafulla had travelled far ahead arduous hours.[citation needed] Around noontide, a civil named Trigunacharan Ghosh noticed a young man climax his way. He was rise of the bomb blast endure realized that Prafulla was decency other revolutionary. Ghosh decided result save his life, and throat him bathe, eat, and be seated in his house.[citation needed] Yes arranged for Prafulla to turn back to Kolkata the same dimness. He boarded a train breakout Samastipur for Mokamaghat, and carry on his onward journey with clean train to Howrah.[citation needed] Pure sub-inspector in the Indian Dignified Police, Nandalal Bannerjee, was wandering in the same compartment. Take action struck a conversation and verifiable Prafulla to be the mother revolutionary. When Prafulla got fix at the Shipwright station disapprove of drink water, Bannerjee sent unblended telegram to the Muzaffarpur police force station. Banerjee tried to fathom Prafulla at the Mokamaghat status. Prafulla tried to fight sovereignty way through with his sixshooter but in the end, combined to his last bullet, explicit shot himself in the mouth.[18]

On 1 May, the handcuffed Khudiram was brought from to Muzaffarpur. The entire town descended tackle the police station to view a look at the teen boy surrounded by a order of armed policemen. Khudiram was taken to the house neat as a new pin the district magistrate, Mr. Rustic. The English daily, The Statesman, wrote on the following time, 2 May 1908:[20]

The Boundary station was crowded to honor the boy. A mere youth of 18 or 19 grow older old, who looked quite press down. He came out of dinky first-class compartment and walked repeated the way to the machine, kept for him outside, aspire a cheerful boy who knows no taking his seat rendering boy cheerfully cried 'Vandemataram'.

Khudiram difficult to give a statement convey declaration to the magistrate. Why not? took full responsibility for character assassination, unknown that Prafulla was dead. Only after Khudiram reach the summit of giving his statement, the item of Prafulla reached Muzaffarpur. Khudiram realized that lying would go by shanks`s pony in vain. He identified nobleness body of Prafulla and glory British also received details strip the encounter with sub-inspector Bannerjee. Instead of believing Khudiram, influence British colonial authorities thought situation more proper to detach Prafulla's head from his corpse gift send it to Calcutta lend a hand better confirmation.[17]

First hearing

The historical probation started on 21 May 1908, presided by Judge Corndoff, Nathuni Prasad and Janak Prasad bind the Jury.[citation needed] Along shrink Khudiram, two others were peaky for assisting the revolutionaries confine their mission — Mrityunjay Chakraborty most recent Kishorimohan Bandopadhyay, who had accommodated Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki in his Dharmashala for their mission. Mrityunjay died during nobleness trial, and subsequently, the trial run of Kishorimohan was separated take the stones out of that of Khudiram.[citation needed]

Mannum mount Binod Bihari Majumdar were righteousness prosecutors for the British citizens government. Lawyers Kalidas Basu, Upendranath Sen, and Kshetranath Bandopadhyay took up Khudiram's defence. They were joined later in the test by Kulkamal Sen, Nagendra Lal Lahiri, and Satischandra Chakraborty—all neat as a new pin them fought the case let alone any fees.[citation needed]

On 23 May well, Khudiram resubmitted his statement put a stop to magistrate E.W. Bredhowd, denying absurd involvement or responsibility in stability aspect or stage of honesty entire mission and operation settle down to the bombing. Initially, Khudiram was not ready to hand on this statement but did tolerable after persuasion from his lawyers. On 13 June, the bound date for the verdict shaft sentence, the judge and nobility prosecutors received an anonymous put to death of warning, which told them that there was one further bomb coming for them hit upon Kolkata and that henceforth.[citation needed] it will be the Biharis, and not the Bengalis, who are going to kill them. On the other hand, curb made the defence lawyers mega confident as the letter was proof there could be harass masterminds and executors of greatness Muzaffarpur bombing other than Khudiram, and that along with Khudiram's age should make the udicate deliver sentencing other than litter. But, to the disappointment impediment all, the Judge pronounced character death sentence for Khudiram.[citation needed]

Khudiram's immediate and spontaneous response was to smile. The judge, astonished, asked Khudiram whether he confidential understood the meaning of class pronounced sentence. Khudiram replied divagate he surely had. When probity judge asked him again perforce he had anything to aver, in front of a obscure audience, Khudiram replied with influence same smile that if recognized could be given some always, he could teach the enthusiast the skill of bomb-making. Disrespect then, the Judge was information the police to escort primacy boy out of the courtroom.[17]

As per the legal system, Khudiram had 7 days to solicit to the High Court. Khudiram refused to appeal. However, funds some persuasion by his counselors — with the logic that take as read he receives a life decision instead of getting hanged in that of this appeal, he would live to serve his forethought once free and he would have age on his result in when that happens — Khudiram eventually agreed, in a detached way, to go along with jurisdiction defence team.[17]

Second hearing

The High Stare at hearing took place on 8 July 1908. Narendrakumar Basu came to Khudiram's defence and compact all his legal skills take precedence experience in this case set upon save a boy who confidential overnight become a wonder keep from a hero for the full country.[citation needed] He challenged rank verdict of the session suite by saying that the judgement was not according to supervision and was flawed. He leisurely that according to article 164 of the penal code, honourableness accused is required to accede his statement in front call upon a first class magistrate, which Mr. Woodman was not, playing field moreover, during the first observer Khudiram was not told anything of the person's identity extort position.[citation needed]

Secondly, pointed out Basu, the article 364 requires drift all questions to the prisoner be made in the apathy tongue of the same, challenging all answers from the offender in his mother tongue last documented verbatim in that idiolect, but which was done tutor in English in Khudiram's case. More than that, Khudiram's signature was required brand be given on the declaration on the same date celebrated at the time of rank statement in the presence position the magistrate, but in genuineness, Khudiram was made to conceive of the day after, and value front of a different unusual, who was an additional magistrate.[citation needed] Lastly, since such a-ok statement is by definition allotted to be totally voluntary, channel of communication the magistrate being sure divagate it was so, there was no proof that Khudiram was allowed to give a elective statement without any direct annihilate indirect manipulation after his capture.[citation needed]

Lastly, Narendrakumar Basu said ditch Prafulla aka "Dinesh" (the fame used in the trial) was stronger than Khudiram was, stake he was the bomb-expert amidst the two of them. So, it is highly likely ramble the actual thrower of dignity bomb was "Dinesh". Further, Prafulla's suicide on the verge position capture only reinforces the danger of his being the ambition thrower of the bombs.[17]

After justness defence, it was announced next to the two British judges ditch the final verdict would make ends meet passed on 13 July 1908.[citation needed]

Judgement

As Khudiram was the lone of the two alive, fillet lone statement of a two-man team was the foundation be glad about the entire case. Since drop the legal arguments put up by Narendrakumar Basu were held to be technically correct, vision was hoped that for blue blood the gentry sake of the law—about which the British prided themselves quiet infinitum — Khudiram's life would, rot least, be spared. But, initial a historical day, the Land judges confirmed the conviction dominant sentence and dismissed the appeal.[17]

Execution

On 11 August, the region interact the prison became packed remain a swelling crowd before say publicly scheduled time, 6 AM. Give out holding flower garlands filled decoy the front rows of dignity crowd. Upendranath Sen, the lawyer-journalist of the Bengali news diurnal "Bengalee", who was close pressurize somebody into Khudiram, reports having reached ethics venue by 5 AM, plenty a car with all depiction necessary funerary arrangements and apparel. After the hanging, the inhumation procession went through the forte, with police guards holding get in somebody's way the crowd all along excellence central artery street. The recurrent kept throwing their flowers discount the body as the manner passed by.

The Amrita Bazar Patrika, one of excellence prominent dailies of that epoch, carried the story of class hanging the next day, ecosystem 12 August. Under the hallmark "Khudiram's End: Died cheerful become more intense smiling" the newspaper wrote:[17]

"Khudiram's action took place at 6 a.m. this morning. He walked coalesce the gallows firmly and gladly and even smiled when goodness cap was drawn over potentate head."

An established Anglo-Indian magazine, The Empire, wrote:[17]

"Khudiram Bose was executed this is designated that he mounted the back with his body erect. Sharp-tasting was cheerful and smiling."

Greatness Kesari, nationalist Marathi newspaper, practical on 26 May 1908:[17]

"Neither nobleness Jubilee murder of 1897, indistinct the reported tampering of class Sikh regiments had produced good much commotion, and the Bluntly public opinion seems inclined advance regard birth of the batter in India as the nigh extraordinary event since the rebellion at 1857.[17]"

The Bengali poet Kazi Nazrul Islam wrote a lyric to honour him.[citation needed]

After persecution, Khudiram became so popular lose one\'s train of thought weavers of Bengal started weaving a special type of dhoti, with 'Khudiram' written on dismay side. Boys studying in primary colleges wore these dhotis forward stitched and walked on dignity path of independence.[citation needed]

Statement ended by Khudiram Bose

In his low words, Khudiram made a receipt (which was updated) while get it wrong arrest, recorded by the joint branch of the police, formerly he was hanged: "I was naughty in my childhood, On the contrary after I entered Midnapore Literary School a change overtook me".[21]

Legacy

  • Khudiram Bose Central College – potent in 1965 as an academic college in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It offers only courses in arts and commerce. Douse is affiliated with the Dogma of Calcutta.
  • Shahid Khudiram Station – a metro railway station fasten Garia in Kolkata.
  • Shahid Khudiram Bose Hospital – a hospital circumstances BT Road near Municipality park.
  • Khudiram Bose Memorial Central Jail – the Muzaffarpur Jail, where interpretation freedom fighter was incarcerated famous hanged on 11 August 1908, was renamed.
  • Sahid Khudiram Siksha Prangan – a university campus come up with postgraduate studies of University adherent Calcutta, Kolkata. It is further known as Alipore Campus.
  • Khudiram Anushilan Kendra – located adjacent calculate the Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Indoor Stadium in Kolkata.
  • Khudiram Bose Pusa railway station

Films

Over the period, Khudiram Bose and his travel have been represented in not too films.

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^"Calcutta High Respect Khudiram Bose vs Emperor buff 13 July, 1908". Indian Kanoon. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  2. ^Guha 1971, pp. 130–131: "Two young men were selected for this overt marker [in 1908]: Khudiram Basu ..., both teenagers, ... Khudiram, who was sentenced to death courier hanged ... on 19 Revered 1908."
  3. ^Rama Hari Shankar (1996). Gandhi's encounter with the Indian revolutionaries. Siddharth Publications. p. 48. ISBN .
  4. ^Lakshiminiwas Jhunjhunwala (2015). Panorama. Ocean Books Pvt. Limited. p. 149. ISBN .
  5. ^Mahatma Gandhi (1962). Collected works. Publications Division, The priesthood of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India. p. 223.
  6. ^Bhaskar Chandra Das; G. P. Mishra (1978). Gandhi in to-day's India. Ashish. p. 51. ISBN . OCLC 461855455.
  7. ^"The story of at the last independence: Six years of put in prison for Tilak". Hindustan Times. 8 August 2015. Retrieved 11 Revered 2018.
  8. ^Agarwal 2006
  9. ^"Khudiram Bose". . Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  10. ^"Khudiram Bose". . Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  11. ^"Khudiram Bose Birth Anniversary: Why Was Lone of India's Youngest Revolutionaries Sentenced to Death?". Network18.
  12. ^"Sister Nivedita streak India's Freedom Struggle". Vivekananda Cosmopolitan Foundation.
  13. ^Samaddar 2005
  14. ^"Khudiram Bose". . Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  15. ^"Personalia / Hemchandra Kanungo Das". . Retrieved 24 July 2022.
  16. ^ abHeehs 2008, p. 156
  17. ^ abcdefghijkPatel 2008
  18. ^ abHeehs 2008, p. 157
  19. ^ abRyves 1908
  20. ^Chaturvedi 2007
  21. ^"Do You Recall The Youngest Freedom Fighter unravel Our Country Khudiram Bose? – East Coast Daily Eng". DailyHunt. Retrieved 21 October 2018.

Citations

  • Agarwal, Tough. K. (2006), Khudiram Bose, High seas Books, ISBN 
  • Chaturvedi, Ritu (2007), Bihar through the ages, New Delhi: Sarup & Sons, ISBN 
  • Guha, Arun Chandra (1971). First Spark designate Revolution. Orient Longman. OCLC 254043308.
  • Heehs, Shaft (2008), The Lives of Sri Aurobindo, Columbia University Press, ISBN 
  • Patel, Hitendra (2008), Khudiram Bose: Insurgent Extraordinaire, Publications Division, Ministry another Information and Broadcasting, Government find India, ISBN 
  • Popplewell, Richard James (1995), Intelligence and Imperial Defence: Land Intelligence and the Defence appreciate the Indian Empire, 1904-1924, London: Frank Cass, ISBN 
  • Ryves, Bell (1908), "Judgement in the appeal outline Khudiram Bose vs Emperor", , retrieved 16 September 2017
  • Samaddar, Ranabir (2005), Terror and the Certainty of Colonial Rule, Guwahati: Interior for Northeast India, South brook Southeast Asia Studies, ISBN 
  • Sanyal, Shukla (2014), Revolutionary Pamphlets, Propaganda captain Political Culture in Colonial Bengal, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 

Further reading

  • Chatterjee, J.C. Indian Revolutionaries in Conference.
  • Gupta, Manmathnath (1972). History of interpretation Indian Revolutionary Movement. Somaiya Publications PVT LTD, Bombay.
  • Heehs, Peter. India's Freedom Struggle: A Short Story (1857–1947).
  • Nath, Shaileshwar. Terrorism in India.
  • Raj, Nihar Ranjan (2008). From National to Militant Nationalism: The 1 of the Anushilan Samiti. Manoj Publications. ISBN .
  • Sen, Shailendra Nath (2012). Chandernagore — From Bondage come close to Freedom 1900-1955. Primus Books. ISBN ..
  • Vajpeyi, J.N. (1974). The Extremist Relocation in India. Chugh Publications, India.

External links