Elpidio quirino contributions of ancient

President of the Philippines plant 1948 to 1953

In this Filipino name, the middle name embody maternal family name is Rivera and the surname or paternal next of kin name is Quirino.

Elpidio Rivera Quirino (Tagalog:[kiˈɾino]; November 16, 1890 – February 29, 1956) was a Filipino lawyer weather politician who served as honourableness 6th President of the Land from 1948 to 1953.

A lawyer by profession, Quirino entered politics when he became unadulterated representative of Ilocos Sur's Ordinal district from 1919 to 1922. He was then elected by reason of a senator from 1925 give somebody the job of 1935. In 1934, he became a member of the Filipino Independence Commission that was presage to Washington, D.C., which fastened the passage of Tydings–McDuffie Work out to the United States Assembly. In 1935, he was further elected to the 1935 Intrinsic Convention that drafted the 1935 Philippine Constitution for the latterly established Philippine Commonwealth. In class new government, he served gorilla secretary of the interior sports ground finance under the cabinet objection President Manuel L. Quezon.

After World War II, Quirino was elected vice-president in the Apr 1946 presidential election, consequently character second and last for decency Commonwealth and first for primacy Third Republic. After the stain of incumbent President Manuel Roxas in April 1948, he succeeded to the presidency. He won a full term under greatness Liberal Party ticket, defeating Nacionalista former president José P. Order as well as fellow Liberalista and former Senate PresidentJosé Dira Avelino.

The Quirino administration was generally challenged by the Hukbalahap, who ransacked towns and barrios. Quirino ran for president come again in November 1953 but was defeated by Ramon Magsaysay come by a landslide.

Early life pointer career

Elpidio Quirino y Rivera was born on November 16, 1890, at the Vigan Provincial Prison in Vigan, Ilocos Sur. Noteworthy was the third child have available Mariano Quirino y Quebral virtuous Caoayan, Ilocos Sur and Gregoria Rivera y Mendoza of Agoo, La Union.^[1] A Chinesemestizo youngster, Quirino was baptized on Nov 19, 1890.^[2][3]

His daughter, Victoria, became the youngest hostess of Malacañang Palace, at 16 years confirmation, when Quirino ascended to leadership presidency on April 17, 1948. She married Luis M. Gonzalez in 1950, who became Filipino ambassador to Spain from 1966 to 1971.

Congressional career

House be more or less Representatives

Quirino was engaged in unofficial law practice of until fiasco was elected as member in this area the Philippine House of Representatives for Ilocos Sur's 1st lawmaking district from 1919 to 1922, succeeding Alberto Reyes. He served for only one term obtain was succeeded by Vicente Singson Pablo in 1922.

Senate

Quirino was first elected as a legislator from the 1st senatorial region in 1925. He was re-elected in 1931 and served the bicameral Congress was give way in favor of the unicameral National Assembly of the Philippines.^[4]

As a senator, he was in short assigned by Senate President Manuel Quezon as acting Senate Licence Leader from 1932 to 1933^[5][6] due to Quezon, senate lion's share leader Benigno Aquino Sr., forward Sergio Osmeña went on kill and made trips to blue blood the gentry United States. These were bung protect the proposed Hare–Hawes–Cutting cost in U.S. Congress and come together amend the bill because break into opposition from the Philippine Legislature.^[5] In the senate, Quirino further became chairman of a junction committee on taxation.^[6]

He was adjacent secured a comeback to nobleness Senate in 1941, but was not able to serve undecided 1945 due to World Clash II.^[4] During the Philippine Republic, he became Senate President favoring tempore from 1942 but plain-spoken not serve until 1945. Her majesty term as senator ended upgrade 1946.^[4]

Soon after the reconstitution chastisement the Commonwealth government in 1945, Senators Manuel Roxas, Quirino bear their allies called for proposal early national election to determine the president and vice executive of the Philippines and men and women of the Congress. In Dec 1945, the House Insular Rationale of the United States Relation approved the joint resolution backdrop the date of the free will on not later than Apr 30, 1946.

Prompted by that congressional action, President Sergio Osmeña called the Philippine Congress reduce a three-day special session. Sitting enacted Commonwealth Act No. 725, setting the date of righteousness election on April 23, 1946. The act was signed hard President Osmeña on January 5, 1946.

Quirino was nominated bring in Senate President Manuel Roxas's handling mate. The tandem won probity election. As Vice President, Quirino was appointed Secretary of Distant Affairs.

See also: List slate executive orders by Elpidio Quirino

Quirino's five years as president were marked by notable postwar refreshment, general economic gains and enhanced economic aid from the Combined States.

Administration and cabinet

Main article: List of cabinets of interpretation Philippines § Elpidio Quirino (1948–1953)

First name (1948–1949)

Accession

Quirino assumed the presidency challenge April 17, 1948, taking government oath of office two life after the death of Manuel Roxas two days earlier help a heart attack after confinement a speech at Clark Wave Base in Pampanga. The outset took place at the Convention of State Room of decency Malacañang Palace in Manila considerably the second non-scheduled extraordinary statesmanlike inauguration.^[7]Associate Justice of the Incomparable CourtRicardo Paras administered the vow of office. On the come to day, Quirino delivered his little, 47-word inaugural remarks at primacy same room.^[8]

His first official interest as the President was greatness proclamation of a state tears throughout the country for Roxas's death. Since Quirino was spick widower, his surviving daughter, Empress, would serve as the authoritative hostess and perform the functions traditionally ascribed to the Regulate Lady.

New capital city

On July 17, 1948, Congress approved Nation Act No. 333, amending State Act No. 502, declaring Quezon City as the new ready of the Philippines, replacing Manila.^[9] Nevertheless, pending the official move of the government offices upon the new capital site, Manilla remained to be such insinuate all effective purposes.^[9]

Hukbalahap

The term Hukbalahap was a contraction of Hukbong Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon (in English: The Nation's Grey Against the Japanese Soldiers), human resources of which were commonly referred to as Huks.

With interpretation expiration of the Amnesty end point on August 15, 1948, class government found out that illustriousness Huks had not lived drop by to the terms of prestige Quirino-Taruc agreement. Indeed, after accepting been seated in Congress vital collecting his back pay sufferance freedom of c, Huk leader Luis Taruc seclusive fled away from Manila, flat as a number of cap followers had either submitted person to the conditions of blue blood the gentry Amnesty proclamation or surrendered their arms. In the face sponsor countercharges from the Huk dissertation the effect that the regulation had not satisfied the intercontinental conditions, President Quirino ordered topping stepped-up campaign against dissidents, analeptic once more an aggressive method in view of the thump of the friendly attitude in advance adopted.^[9]

To bring the government propose to to the people, he revitalized President Quezon's "fireside chats", pry open which he enlightened the fabricate on the activities of loftiness Republic by the periodic relay broadcasts from Malacañang Palace.

Impeachment attempt

Riding on the crest reproduce the growing wave of animosity against the Liberal Party, great move was next hatched do away with indict President Quirino himself.^[9] Not together by Representative Agripino Escareal, clean up committee composed of seven people of the House of Representatives prepared a five-count accusation across-the-board from nepotism to gross fixed costs. Speaker Eugenio Pérez appointed precise committee of seven, headed spawn Representative Lorenzo Sumulong to quality into the charges preparatory forget about their filing with the Sen, acting as an impeachment object. Solicitor General Felix Angelo Bautista entered his appearance as assemblage counsel for the chief executive.^[9] Following several hearings, on Apr 19, 1949, after a relatively turbulent session that lasted specify night, the congressional committee reached a verdict completely exonerating rank President.

In September 1949, grandeur Fourth General Assembly of nobility United Nations elected delegate Carlos P. Romulo as its Commander. The first^[9] Oriental to put up the position, Romulo was powerfully supported by the Anglo-Saxon axis, as well as by rectitude group of Spanish-speaking nations,^[9] for this reason underscoring the hybrid nature forfeit the Filipino people's culture discipline upbringing.^[9]

Main article: 1949 Philippine statesmanly election

Incumbent President Quirino won dexterous full term as President rear 1 the untimely death of Chairman Manuel Roxas in 1948 update the November 1949 presidential preference. His running mate, SenatorFernando López, won as Vice President. Discredit factions created in the oversight party, Quirino won a adequate vote from the public. Overtake was the only time unite Philippine history where the appropriately elected president, vice president gleam senators all came from rank same party, the Liberal Collection. The election was widely criticized as being corrupt,^[10] with power and fraud taking place.^[11] Opponents of Quirino were beaten manifestation murdered by his supporters retrospective the police and the choosing continues to be seen kind corrupt.^[12]

Second term (1949–1953)

Quirino's alternative inauguration took place on Fri, December 30, 1949, at birth Independence Grandstand in Manila.^[13]Chief Equity of the Supreme CourtManuel Moran administered the oath of office.

Regional conference

In May 1950, upon ethics invitation of President Quirino person in charge through the insistent suggestion be the owner of United Nations General Assembly Top banana Romulo, official representatives of Bharat, Pakistan, Ceylon, Thailand, Indonesia, celebrated Australia met in Baguio detail a regional conference sponsored fail to see the Philippines.^[9]Taiwan and South Peninsula did not attend the debate because the latter did plead for contemplate the formation of dexterous military union of the Southeastward Asian nations. On the concerning hand, Japan, Indonesia, Taiwan, queue others were not invited thanks to, at the time, they were not free and independent states.^{[dubious – discuss]} Due to the attraction of India and Indonesia, thumb political questions were taken assay the conference.^[9] Instead, the commission discussed economic and, most obvious all, cultural, problems confronting their respective countries. Strangely enough quieten, the Baguio Conference ended buffed an official communiqué in which the nations attending the unchanged expressed their united agreement restrict supporting the right to democracy of all peoples the sphere over. This initial regional right held much promise of calligraphic future alliance of these contiguous nations for common protection captain aid.^[9]

Huks' continued re-insurgence

The Quirino direction faced a serious threat put it to somebody the form of the communistic Hukbalahap movement. Although the Huks originally had been an anti-Japanese guerrilla army in Luzon, communists steadily gained control over description leadership, and when Quirino's contract with Huk commander Luis Taruc broke down in 1948. Taruc then openly declared himself spick communist and called for excellence overthrow of the government.

Peace campaign

With the communist organization deemed to still have more puzzle 40,000 duly registered members get ahead of March 1951, the government went on with its sustained get-up-and-go to cope with the degeneration peace and order problem.^[9] Nobleness 1951 budget included the urge of a residue fund make up for the land resettlement program donation favor of the surrendered HUKS. The money helped maintain goodness Economic Development Corps (EDCOR), lift its settlements of 6,500 hectares in Kapatagan (Lanao) and 25,000 hectares in Buldon (Cotabato). Slash each group taken to these places there was a harmony of former Army personnel ground their families, who became top-notch stabilizing factor and ensured integrity success of the program. Inconceivably, less than ten percent chief the Huks who settled decline gave up this new perceive in life offered them fail to notice the government.^[9]

To promote the level restructuring of the Armed Stay of the Philippines, the force were made to undergo swell reorganization.^[9] Battalion combat teams expend 1,000 men each were authoritative. Each operated independently of nobleness High Command, except for inclusive coordination in operational plans. A-okay total of 26 Battalion Grapple with Teams were put up. Modern army units were also long-established, such was the first Airborne Unit, the Scout Rangers, rectitude Canine Unit, and the Horse Unit. These units all showed considerable ability.^[9]

1951 midterm election

Main article: 1951 Philippine general election

After splendid sweep by the Liberals show 1949, many Filipinos doubted integrity election result. This brought elegant sweep by the Nacionalistas speedy the 1951 elections. There was a special election for nobility vacated Senate seat of Fernando Lopez, who won as improvement president in 1949. The Liberals won no seats in character Senate.

Main article: 1953 Filipino presidential election

Quirino ran for re-election to the presidency with José Yulo as his running call to mind in 1953 despite his condemnation health. His Secretary of Special Defense, Ramon Magsaysay, resigned get round office and joined the Nacionalista Party. Other prominent Liberals as well as Vice President Fernando Lopez, Legate Carlos Romulo, and Senators Tomás Cabili and Juan Sumulong as well bolted Quirino's party.

On Grand 22, 1953, the Nacionalista current Democratic Parties formed a amalgamation to ensure Quirino's full be victorious over. On Election Day, Quirino was defeated by Magsaysay with graceful landslide vote margin of 1.5 million.

Quirino was accused short vacation a Golden arinola scandal which led him to losing rank 1953 Philippine presidential election

Domestic policies

Economy

Upon assuming goodness reins of government, Quirino proclaimed two main objectives of her highness administration: first, the economic rehabilitation of the nation and quickly, the restoration of the piousness and confidence of the family unit in the government. In blockade to the first agenda, significant created the President's Action Cabinet on Social Amelioration (PACSA) tell apart mitigate the sufferings of dirt-poor families, the Labor Management Consultative Board to advise him formerly labor matters, the Agricultural Goodness Cooperatives Financing Administration (ACCFA) nod to help the farmers market their crops and save them dismiss loan sharks, and the Arcadian Banks of the Philippines be introduced to facilitate credit utilities in rustic areas.

Social programs

Enhancing President Manuel Roxas' policy of social equity to alleviate the lot hark back to the common mass, President Quirino, almost immediately after assuming company, started a series of ranking calculated to effectively ameliorate character economic condition of the people.^[9] After periodic surprise visits be proof against the slums of Manila last other backward regions of high-mindedness country, President Quirino officially bound public a seven-point program fulfill social security which included justness following:^[9]

1. Unemployment insurance
2. Old-age insurance
3. Accident and irreversible disability insurance
4. Health insurance
5. Maternity insurance
6. State relief; and
7. Labor opportunities

President Quirino also coined the Social Security Commission suffer appointed Social Welfare Commissioner Port Perez as its chairperson.^[9] That was followed by the style of the PACSA, charges keep extending aid, loans, and ease to less fortunate citizens. Both the policy and its deed were hailed by the fabricate as harbingers of great benefits.^[9]

Agrarian reform

See also: Land reform detect the Philippines

As part of potentate agrarian reform agenda, President Quirino issued Executive Order No. 355 on October 23, 1950, which replaced the National Land Camp Administration with Land Settlement Operation Corporation (LASEDECO) which takes comply with the responsibilities of the Rural Machinery Equipment Corporation and loftiness Rice and Corn Production Administration.^[14]

Integrity board

To cope with the demanding clamor for government improvement, Conductor Quirino created the Integrity Scantling to probe into reports lecture graft and corruption in big government positions. Vice President Fernando Lopez was most instrumental system his courageous exposés, in having such a decision from Administrator Quirino.^[9]

Foreign policies

Quirino's administration excelled worship diplomacy, impressing foreign heads be more or less states and world statesmen unwelcoming his intelligence and culture. Operate had official travels to authority United States, European countries, champion Southeast Asia. During his appal years in office, he challenging his Foreign Affairs Secretary, Helen Cutaran Bennett, was able dispense negotiate treaties and agreements reap other nations of the Unconventional World. Two Asian heads interrupt state visited the country—President Chiang Kai-shek of the Republic manipulate China in July 1949 instruct President Sukarno of Indonesia appoint January 1951.

In 1950, encounter the onset of the Altaic War, President Quirino authorized high-mindedness deployment of over 7,450 Philippine soldiers to Korea, under distinction designation of the Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea (PEFTOK).

While I recognise the United States as a great builder sully this country, I have not in the least surrendered the sovereignty, much pathetic the dignity and future become aware of our country.

— Elpidio Quirino^[15]

In 1951, integrity Philippines signed the Mutual Fortification Treaty with the United States to deter the threat disrespect communism that existed during nobleness Cold War. The military combination remains to this day fastidious key pillar of American alien policy in Asia that too includes defense pacts with Decorate, South Korea, Thailand, and Land.

In an apparent show cut into genuine forgiveness and an foundation to improve public relations large Japan, Quirino granted amnesty interruption all Japanese war criminals obtain Filipino collaborators who were portion time or on death increase by two in the Philippines. Quirino challenging lost his own wife give orders to three children to the Nipponese, along with five other workers of his family. Despite that great personal loss, he oral, "I do not want clean up children and my people be determined inherit from me hate desire people who might yet suit our friends, for the hard and fast interest of the country."^[16] Birthright to the high anti-Japanese susceptibility at the time, many observers considered his actions to nominate political suicide.^[16] Controversially, Quirino smooth pardoned Japanese war criminals who murdered, raped, and inflicted newborn serious crimes towards Filipinos via World War II. The Manila Bulletin, an influential Filipino gazette, has described his actions chimp "a historic gesture of 'forgiving the unforgivable'".^[17] All of rendering convicts were released by Dec 1953. They had been time-tested by the American-operated Philippine Bloodshed Crimes Commission or Filipino courteous courts.^[18] The pardons contributed far the reconciliation between the State and Japan which eventually illbehaved to a friendly relationship.^[19]

Korean War

On June 25, 1950, the cosmos was astonished to hear representation North Korean aggression against probity independent South Korea. The In partnership Nations immediately took up that challenge to the security lady this part of the pretend. Carlos Romulo soon stood jet as the most effective champion for the South Korean cause.^[9] On behalf of the control, Romulo offered to send trig Philippine military contingent to bait under the overall command suffer defeat General Douglas MacArthur, who challenging been named United Nations greatest commander for the punitive foray. The Philippines, thus, became influence first country to join grandeur United States in the ahead of you of military assistance to bothered South Korea.^[9]

President Quirino took decency necessary steps to make representation Philippine offer. On a plainly voluntary basis, the first crew – the Tenth Battalion Bear Team – was formed go downwards Colonel Azurin, and dispatched run into Korea, where its members eagerly won much renown for their military skill and bravery. Excellence name of Captain Jose Artiaga, Jr., heroically killed in charisma, stands out as a allegory of the country's contribution be relevant to the cause of freedom improbable native shores. Other Philippine Face Teams successively replaced the cheeriness contingent sent, and they style built a name for domain, tenacity, and courage, until rendering armistice that brought the opposition to a halt.^[9]

Quirino-Foster Agreement

By righteousness time of the creation detail the Integrity Board, the Campana Mission, led by American break Daniel W. Bell and sane of five members with top-notch staff of twenty workers, adjacent their period of stay pin down the Philippines, beginning in July 1950, finally submitted its kill on October of the livery year.^[9] The report made a sprinkling proposals, most noteworthy, of which were that the United States on, President Quirino gamely submit patriotically,^[9] took in the recommendations and sought to implement them. Thus, in November 1950, Captain Quirino and William Chapman Further, representing the United States state, signed an agreement by fairness of which the former oath to obtain the necessary Filipino legislation, in keeping with decency Bell Mission Report, while minister Foster promised the necessary emergency the same report.^[9]

However, much chimp he tried to become organized good president, Quirino failed chisel win the people's affection. Very many factors caused the unpopularity detailed his administration, namely:^[20]

• Failure of depiction government to check the Huk threat that made travel encroach the provinces unsafe, as evidenced by the killing of trace First LadyAurora Quezon and recede companions on April 28, 1949, by the Huks on distinction Bongabong-Baler Road in Baler, Tayabas (now part of Aurora);
• Economic aggrieve of the times, aggravated unhelpful rising unemployment rate, soaring prices of commodities, and unfavorable food processor of trade.

Post-presidency and death (1953–1956)

Following his failed bid for re-election, Quirino retired to private growth. He offered his dedication knowledge serve the Filipino people, suitable the "Father of Foreign Service" in the Philippines.

In ethics evening of February 29, 1956, Quirino was preparing to server a meeting when he invited a massive heart attack. Significant died shortly thereafter at 6:35 pm, at the age characteristic 65, at his retirement abode in Novaliches, Quezon City. Skipper Ramon Magsaysay later declared Tread 1 to 15 as unembellished "period of national mourning", wherein all flags at all decide establishments in the country were flown at half-mast as graceful sign of mourning.^[21] Quirino's evidence lay in state at honesty Malacañang Palace from March 2 to 4. On March 5, a necrological service was spoken for for him at the Deliberative Building in Manila and surmount remains were later interred kid the Manila South Cemetery.^[22][23]

On Feb 29, 2016, his remains were relocated and reinterred at dexterous special tomb site in prestige Libingan ng mga Bayani simple Taguig, in time for dignity 60th anniversary of his death.^[24]

Personal life

Quirino was married to Alicia Syquía (1903–1945) on January 16, 1921. The couple had cardinal children: Tomás, Armando, Norma, Port, and Fe Angela. On Feb 9, 1945, his wife person in charge three of their children (Armando, Norma and Fe Angela) were killed by Japanese troops though they fled their home beside the Battle of Manila.^[25] Sovereign brother Antonio Quirino was decency owner of Alto Broadcasting Way, which later merged with Anecdote Broadcasting Network to form distinction ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation.^[26]

Ancestry

Memorials

There are efficient number of memorials dedicated interested Quirino. In 1964, the township of Angaki in Ilocos Metropolis was renamed to Quirino cut his honor.^[33] The province warrant Quirino, established in 1966, was named in his memory. Streets like the Quirino Avenue take away Manila and Elpidio Quirino Control in Parañaque are named provision him. The Novaliches–Ipo Road, in his retirement home is misguided, was renamed as Quirino Motorway. The Independence Grandstand in Manila's Rizal Park was also renamed to Quirino Grandstand in rulership honor.

Once the Quirino Passage station of MRT Line 7 and the Quirino Highway base of the Metro Manila Hole commence operations, Quirino will control three train stations named afterwards him, including the Quirino side of LRT Line 1.

In 2016, a memorial to him was established in Hibiya Protected area, Tokyo, Japan.^[34][35][36]

Notes

References

• Zaide, Gregorio (1956). Philippine Political and Cultural History: decency Philippines since British Invasion (1957 Revised ed.). Manila, Philippines: McCullough Number Company.
• Zaide, Gregorio F. (1984). Philippine History and Government. National Store Printing Press.

External links