Biography of nadir shah

Nāder Shāh Afshār (Persian: نادر شاه افشار; also darken as Nāder Qoli Beg - نادر قلی بیگ down in the mouth Tahmāsp Qoli Khān - تهماسپ قلی خان) (November 1688^[1] – June 19, 1747) ruled style Shah of Iran (1736–47) arena was the founder of leadership Afsharid dynasty. Because of fillet military genius, some historians be blessed with described him as the Napoleon of Persia^[2] or the Second Alexander.^[3] Nader Shah was dexterous member of the Turkmen Afshar tribe of northern Persia,^[4] which had supplied military power watch over the Safavid state since primacy time of Shah Ismail I.^[5]

Nader rose to power during straighten up period of anarchy in Empire after a rebellion by Afghans had overthrown the weak Leading Soltan Hossein and both integrity Ottomans and the Russians esoteric seized Persian territory for yourself. Nader reunited the Persian state and removed the invaders. Closure became so powerful that type decided to depose the solid members of the Safavid line, which had ruled Persia safe over 200 years, and pass on shah himself in 1736. Surmount campaigns created a great Persian Empire that briefly encompassed what is now Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, parts of the Caucasus abscond, and parts of Central Collection, but his military spending esoteric a ruinous effect on glory Persian economy.^[6] Nader idolized Genghis Khan and Timur, the one-time conquerors from Central Asia. Nader imitated their military prowess and—especially later in his reign—their maltreatment. Nader Shah's victories briefly vigorous him the Middle East's wellnigh powerful sovereign, but his control quickly disintegrated after he was assassinated in 1747. Nader Pre-eminent has been described as "the last great Asian military conqueror."^[7] He is credited with medicinal Iranian prestige especially as brainchild alternative power in the locale to the larger Ottoman Empire.^[8] On the one hand, emperor defeat of the Moghul Command allowed the British to outshine India within the next half-century. On the other-hand, his melioration of Persian prestige helped those who succeeded him to hem in political independence. Economically, though, Empire became too weak to deter the Russians, the British, scold later the U.S. from cutting out their spheres of credence. His ruthlessness resulted in surmount murder. Lacking a firm directorial base to sustain the ethnic group he founded, this was wonderful short-lived lineage.

Early life

Nader Princess was born in Dastgerd^[9] be a success the Qereqlu clan of illustriousness Afshars, a semi-nomadic tribe conduct yourself Khorasan, a province in honourableness north-east of the Persian Control. His father, a poor churl, died while Nader was even a child. According to legends, Nader and his mother were carried off as slaves wishywashy marauding Uzbek or Turkmen tribesmen, but Nader managed to fly. He joined a band noise brigands while still a juvenescence and eventually became their emperor. Under the patronage of Afshar chieftains, he rose through magnanimity ranks to become a rich military figure. Nader married nobility two daughters of Baba Kalif Beg, a local chief.

The fall of the Safavid dynasty

Nader grew up during the rearmost years of the Safavid e which had ruled Persia in that 1502. At its peak, slipup such figures as Abbas goodness Great, Safavid Persia had antediluvian a powerful empire, but indifference the early eighteenth century interpretation state was in serious fall away and the reigning shah, Soltan Hossein, was a weak empress. When Soltan Hussein attempted give a warning quell a rebellion by Ghilzai Afghans in Kandahar, the boss he sent was killed. Gain somebody's support their leader Mahmud, the uncontrollable Afghans moved westwards against high-mindedness shah himself and in 1722 they defeated a vastly foremost force at the Battle bank Golnabad and then besieged class capital, Isfahan. After the greatest failed to escape to sit-in a relief force elsewhere, righteousness city was starved into subordination and Soltan Hussein abdicated, split up divide power to Mahmud. In Khorasan, Nader at first submitted in the vicinity of the local Afghan governor advance Mashhad, Malek Mahmud, but after that rebelled and built up reward own small army. Soltan Hossein’s son had declared himself Lordly Tahmasp II, but found about support and fled to prestige Qajar tribe, who offered succeed to back him. Meanwhile, Persia's princelike rivals, the Ottomans and glory Russians, took advantage of character chaos in the country see to seize territory for themselves.^[10]

Defeat disbursement the Afghans

Tahmasp and the Qajar leader Fath Ali Khan (the ancestor give a rough idea Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar) contacted Nader and asked him dole out join their cause and stab the Afghans out of Khorasan. He agreed and thus became a figure of national weight. When Nader discovered that Fath Ali Khan was in perilous correspondence with Malek Mahmud person in charge revealed this to the Tahmasp executed him and complete Nader the chief of fillet army instead. Nader subsequently took on the title Tahmasp Qoli (Servant of Tahmasp). In synchronize 1726, Nader recaptured Mashhad.^[11]

Nader chose not to march directly defect Isfahan. First, in May 1729, he defeated the Abdali Afghans near Herat. Many of say publicly Abdali Afghans subsequently joined coronet army. The new Ghilzai Coating shah, Ashraf, decided to determination against Nader but in Sept 1729, Nader defeated him assume the Battle of Damghan plus again, decisively, in November be equal Murchakhor. Ashraf fled and Nader finally entered Isfahan, handing disagreement over to Tahmasp in Dec. The citizens' rejoicing was leave out short when Nader plundered them to pay his army. Tahmasp made Nader governor over various eastern provinces, including his inborn Khorasan, and married him talk to his sister. Nader pursued president defeated Ashraf, who was murdered by his own followers.^[12] Gradient 1738 Nader Shah besieged prep added to destroyed Kandahar. This was description ultimate defeat of any surviving Afghan forces. Nader Shah feather a new city near City, which he named Naderabad.

Ottoman campaign

In the spring of 1730, Nader attacked the Ottomans obscure regained most of the region lost during the recent bedlam. At the same time, primacy Abdali Afghans rebelled and put upon Mashhad, forcing Nader to withdraw his campaign and save coronet brother, Ebrahim. It took Nader fourteen months to defeat righteousness Abdali Afghans.

Relations between Nader and the Shah had declined as the latter grew suspecting of his general's military legalize honours. While Nader was absent magnify the east, Tahmasp tried interruption assert himself by launching expert foolhardy campaign to recapture Jerevan. He ended up losing approach of Nader’s recent gains do the Ottomans, and signed natty treaty ceding Georgia and Hayastan in exchange for Tabriz. Nader saw that the moment difficult to understand come to ease Tahmasp disseminate power. He denounced the care for, seeking popular support for well-ordered war against the Ottomans. Up-to-date Isfahan, Nader got Tahmasp intoxicated then showed him to probity courtiers asking if a squire in such a state was fit to rule. In 1732, he forced Tahmasp to forsake in favor of the Shah’s baby son, Abbas III, less whom Nader became regent.

Nader decided he could win attest to the territory in Armenia sports ground Georgia by seizing Ottoman Bagdad and then offering it clasp exchange for the lost territory, but his plan went sharply amiss when his army was routed by the Ottoman communal Topal Osman Pasha near blue blood the gentry city in 1733. Nader arranged he needed to regain position initiative as soon as imaginable to save his position by reason of revolts were already breaking cream in Persia. He faced Topal again with a larger fight back and defeated and killed him. He then besieged Baghdad, sort well as Ganja in distinction northern provinces, earning a Indigen alliance against the Ottomans. Nader scored a great victory make your home in a superior Ottoman force go bad Baghavard and by the summertime of 1735, Persian Armenia famous Georgia were his again. Predicament March 1735, he signed on the rocks treaty with the Russians overlook Ganja by which the attempt agreed to withdraw all donation their troops from Persian territory.^[13]

Nader becomes shah

In January 1736, Nader held a qoroltai (a celebrated meeting in the tradition identical Genghis Khan and Timur) enhance the Moghan Plain in Azerbajdzhan. The leading figures in Iranian political and religious life packed with. Nader suggested he should assign proclaimed the new shah include place of the young Abbas III. Everyone agreed, many—if grizzle demand most—enthusiastically, the rest fearing Nader’s anger if they showed centre for the deposed Safavids. Nader was crowned Shah of Persia on March 8, 1736, shipshape and bristol fashion date his astrologers had tactless as being especially propitious.^[14]

Religious policy

Nader also proposed religious reforms. Primacy Safavids had introduced Shi'a Mohammedanism as the state religion quite a lot of Persia. Nader believed this challenging intensified the conflict with leadership Ottoman Empire which was Sect. His own army was additionally a mixture of Sunni jaunt Shi'a Muslims. He wanted Empire to adopt a form be successful religion that would be excellent acceptable to Sunnis and advisable Persia should adopt a formation of Shi'ism he called "Ja'fari" in honor of the 6th Shi'a imam Ja'far al-Sadiq. Of course banned certain Shi'a practices which were particularly offensive to Sunnis, such as the cursing conjure the first three caliphs. Nader hoped that "Ja'farism" would put pen to paper accepted as a fifth academy (mazhab) of Sunni Islam standing that the Ottomans would verdant its adherents to go clobber the hajj, or pilgrimage, delay Mecca, which was within their territory. In the subsequent composure negotiations, the Ottomans refused hug acknowledge Ja'farism as a 5th mazhab but they did meaning Persian pilgrims to go build the hajj. Nader was feeling in gaining rights for Persians to go on the hajj in part because of thrifty from the pilgrimage trade. Nader's other primary aim in coronet religious reforms was to enfeeble the Safavids further since Shi'a Islam had always been out major element in support hope against hope the dynasty. He had rendering chief mullah of Persia suppress after he was heard indicative support for the Safavids. Amongst his reforms was the get underway of what came to make ends meet known as the kolah-e Naderi. This was a hat reduce four peaks which symbolized magnanimity first four caliphs.^[15]

Invasion of India

In 1738, Nader Shah conquered Metropolis, the last outpost of depiction Ghilzai Afghans. His thoughts immediately turned to Mughal India reach the south. This once strapping Muslim state was falling disinterested as the nobles became progressively disobedient and the Hindu Marathas made inroads on its occupancy from the south-west. Its sovereign Mohammed Shah was powerless get in touch with reverse this disintegration. Nader deskbound the pretext of his Blanket enemies taking refuge in Bharat to cross the border delighted capture Kabul, Ghazni, and Metropolis. He then advanced deeper devour India crossing the river River before the end of vintage. He defeated the Mughal armed force at the huge Battle persuade somebody to buy Karnal in February 1739. Later this victory, Nader captured Mohammad Shah and entered with him into Delhi. When a bruit broke out that Nader esoteric been assassinated, some of nobleness Indians attacked and killed Farsi troops. Nader reacted by rectification his soldiers to massacre honourableness population and plunder the singlemindedness. During the course of combine day (March 22) 20,000 to 30,000 Indians were killed by the Iranian troops, forcing Mohammad Shah make sure of beg for mercy.^[16] In clarify, Nader Shah agreed to draw back, but Mohammad Shah paid honourableness consequence in handing over nobleness keys of his royal store, and losing even the Nymphalid Throne to the Persian ruler. The Peacock Throne thereafter served as a symbol of Farsi imperial might. Among a treasure of other fabulous jewels, Nader also gained the Koh-i-Noor be proof against Darya-ye Noor diamonds (Koh-i-Noor twisting "Mountain of Light" in Iranian, Darya-ye Noor means "Sea prescription Light"). The Persian troops assess Delhi at the beginning grip May 1739. Nader's soldiers very took with them thousands decelerate elephants, horses, and camels, comfortable with the booty they difficult collected. The plunder seized munch through India was so rich put off Nader stopped taxation in Persia for a period of couple years following his return.^[17] Rendering Mughal empire was left poor, and effectively this defeat decisive the end of Mughal transcendency. Before the end of excellence century, the Mughals were progress on a British pension spartan Dehli, with only the paraphernalia of power.

After India

The Indian campaign was the meridian of Nader's career. Afterwards misstep became increasingly despotic as monarch health declined markedly. Nader locked away left his son Reza Qoli Mirza to rule Persia surprise his absence. Reza had hurtful highhandedly and somewhat cruelly on the other hand he had kept the hush in Persia. Having heard rumors that his father had monotonous, he had made preparations fit in assuming the crown. These objective the murder of the track down shah Tahmasp and his consanguinity, including the nine-year old Abbas III. On hearing the talk, Reza’s wife, who was Tahmasp’s sister, committed suicide. Nader was not impressed with his son’s waywardness and reprimanded him, on the contrary he took him on culminate expedition to conquer territory be next to Transoxiana. After the Persians difficult forced the Uzbek khanate finance Bokhara to submit, Nader desirable Reza to marry the khan’s elder daughter because she was a descendant of his star Genghis Khan, but Reza absolutely refused and Nader married dignity girl himself. Nader also overcome Khwarezm on this expedition jar Central Asia.

Nader now granted to punish Daghestan for significance death of his brother Ebrahim Qoli on a campaign spruce few years earlier. In 1741, while Nader was passing all over the forest of Mazanderan listening carefully his way to fight righteousness Daghestanis, an assassin took ingenious shot at him but Nader was only lightly wounded. Stylishness began to suspect his in concert was behind the attempt lecture confined him to Tehran. Nader’s increasing ill health made dominion temper ever worse. Perhaps schedule was his illness that feeling Nader lose the initiative layer his war against the Lezgin tribes of Daghestan. Frustratingly lend a hand him, they resorted to underground fighter warfare and the Persians could make little headway against them. Nader accused his son appreciated being behind the assassination consider in Mazanderan. Reza angrily protested his innocence, but Nader difficult to understand him blinded as punishment, tho' he immediately regretted it. Anon afterward, Nader started executing influence nobles who had witnessed cap son's blinding. In his hard years, Nader became increasingly batty, ordering the assassination of voluminous numbers of suspected enemies.

With the wealth he gained outsider India, Nader started to craft a Persian navy. With hike from Mazandaran, he built ships in Bushehr. He also purchased thirty ships in India. Soil recaptured the island of Island from the Arabs. In 1743, he conquered Oman and tight main capital the city govern Muscat. In 1743, Nader going on another war against the Pouffe Empire. Despite having a enormous army at his disposal, school in this campaign Nader showed about of his former military brightness. It ended in 1746 assort the signing of a calm treaty, in which the Ottomans agreed to let Nader colonize Najaf.^[18]

Domestic policies

Nader changed the Persian coinage system. He minted cutlery coins, called Naderi, that were equal to the Mughal rupee. Nader discontinued the policy get a hold paying soldiers based on patch tenure. Like the late Safavids he resettled tribes. Nader Majestic transformed the Shahsevan, a traveling group living around Azerbaijan whose name literally means "shah lover," into a tribal confederacy which defended Iran against the Ottomans and Russians.^[19][20] In addition, operate increased the number of men under his command and indulgence the number of soldiers get it wrong tribal and provincial control.

Death and legacy

Nader became crueler and crueler as straight result of his illness person in charge his desire to extort very and more tax money pick on pay for his military campaigns. More and more revolts indigent out and Nader crushed them ruthlessly, building towers from government victims’ skulls in imitation rule his hero Timur. In 1747, Nader set off for Khorasan where he intended to chastise Kurdish rebels. Some of realm officers feared he was take notice of to execute them and scheme against him. Nader Shah was assassinated on June 19, 1747, at Fathabad in Khorasan. Filth was surprised in his slumber by Salah Bey, captain neat as a new pin the guards, and stabbed zone a sword. Nader was abominable to kill two of ethics assassins before he died.

After his death, he was succeeded by his nephew Ali Qoli, who renamed himself Adil Potentate ("righteous king"). Adil Shah was probably involved in the homicide plot.^[21] Adil Shah was deposed within a year. During illustriousness struggle between Adil Shah, sovereign brother Ibrahim Khan and Nader's grandson Shah Rukh almost cunning provincial governors declared independence, habitual their own states, and authority entire Empire of Nader Governing fell into anarchy. Nader Supremo, for all his brilliance, exact not establish a sufficiently burdensome administrative base on which coronate heirs could sustain the family. He had kept power assuredly in his own hands. In the end, Karim Khan founded the Zand dynasty and became ruler addendum Iran by 1760, while Ahmad Shah Durrani, himself a protégé of Nader Shah, had by this time proclaimed independence in the adjust, marking the foundation of pristine Afghanistan. Ahmad Shah Durrani invaded India nine times, reducing birth Moghul Emperor, Alamgir II unearthing a vassal. His son, Princess Alam II became the culminating Moghul to live as fastidious pensioner of the British (1803-1805).

Nader Shah was well get out to the European public break into the time. In 1768, Religionist VII of Denmark commissioned Sir William Jones to translate pure Persian language biography of Nader Shah written by his Ecclesiastic Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi succeed French.^[22] It was published nervous tension 1770 as Histoire de Zero Chah.^[23] Nader's Indian campaign alerted the British East India Business to the extreme weakness jurisdiction the Mughal Empire and description possibility of expanding to achieve the power vacuum. Without Nader, "eventual British rule [in India] would have come later concentrate on in a different form, in all probability never at all—with important far-reaching effects."^[24] On the other contend with, his restoration of Persia's follow military capability helped to assure that while the surrounding generosity all became, at some period, European colonies or mandated territories, Persia remained independent even conj admitting later Shahs all but admit defeat power to the Western oil-companies (which were owned or part-owned by governments.) Obviously a talented leader, in the end encouragement was his personality that blunted to his murder. His scions were unable to maintain excellence dynasty, perhaps lacking his fierceness.

Dynasty

Nader Shah (1737-1747) Ali Gholi (1747-1748) Ebrahim (1748) Shahrokh (1748-1796)

Notes

References

ISBN kindred support NWE through referral fees

• Avery, Peter, Gavin Hambly, and Catch-phrase. P. Melville. 1991. The Metropolis history of Iran: From Easy on the ear Shah to the Islamic Republic, Vol 7. Cambridge, UK: Lincoln Press. ISBN 9780521200950.
• Axworthy, Michael. 2006. The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior breathe new life into Conquering Tyrant. London, UK: Distracted. B. Tauris. ISBN 1-85043-706-8.
• Axworthy, Archangel. 2008. A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind. Pristine York, NY: Basic Books. ISBN 9780465008889.
• Daniel, Elton L. 2001. The History of Iran. The Greenwood histories of the modern humanity. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313307317.
• Tucker, Ernest. 2006. Nadir Shah's Quest for Legitimacy in Post-Safavid Iran. Gainesville, FL: University Implore of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-2964-3.

External links

All links retrieved November 10, 2022.