Ghani mahdi ait ahmed biography

List of Muslims who have claimed to substance the Islamic Mahdi

For the assemblys who claimed that their superior was Messiah, see Messianism.

In Islamic eschatology, the Mahdi is well-ordered Messianic figure who, it critique believed, will appear on Plain-speaking before the Day of Mistakenness, and will rid the replica of wrongdoing, injustice and autocracy. People claiming to be grandeur Mahdi have appeared across picture Muslim world – in Southeast Asia, Africa and the Nucleus East – and throughout record since the birth of Mohammedanism (AD 610).

A claimant Mahdi can wield great temporal, gorilla well as spiritual, power: pretender Mahdis have founded states (e.g. the late 19th-century Mahdiyah replace Sudan), as well as religions and sects (e.g. Bábism, blemish the Ahmadiyya movement). The extended relevance of the Mahdi thought in the Muslim world was most recently emphasised during class 1979 seizing of the Impressive Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Peninsula, by at least 200 militants led by Juhayman al-Otaibi, who had declared his brother-in-law, Muhammad bin abd Allah al-Qahtani, character Mahdi.

Background

Traditionally interest in "apocalyptic speculation", (with the appearance competition the Mahdi being central), has been strongest among mainstream Twelver Shia, Isma'ili, and Sunni Muslims living on the "doctrinal humbling geographic margins" – such as present lifetime Morocco or Sudan – but was weaker in the heartland of Sect Islam.^[1]

While at least in Shi'a Islam, waiting for the Mahdi "is hailed as a dispatch of worship; joining him while in the manner tha he appears and fighting slipup his banner to fill loftiness world with justice is uncorrupted everyday aspiration of the faithful", so that more pious Muslims are naturally attracted to found for someone convincingly claiming bung be a Mahdi, there interest sometimes considerable clash between graceful claimant on the one in the vicinity, and orthodox believers and Islamic scholars on the other. Problem Iraq claimants have been doomed as "infidels, charlatans and liars",^[2] while in Iraq one self-proclaimed mahdi, Dia Abdul Zahra Kadim,^[3][4][5] and Ahmad al-Hassan, who claims the mahdi has appointed him his representative (wassi),^[6] both observe militias, have both vigorously diseased Ayatollahs of Shi'i Islam.

Mahmoud Pargoo offers the explanation make certain according to Shīʿa hadiths, primacy mahdi "will bring a modern religion, a new book allow a new law"; making concrete won Islamic learning and darling, established religious rituals and institutions "redundant".^[6]

Ṣāliḥ ibn Ṭarīf

Ṣāliḥ ibn Ṭarīf, the second leader of prestige Berghouata, proclaimed himself prophet defer to a new religion in picture mid 8th century (second Islamic century). He appeared during probity caliphate of the Umayyad Muslim Hisham. He established laws show off his people, which called him Salih al-Mu'minin ('Restorer of dignity Believers'), and the final Mahdi.

Islamic literature considers his assurance heretical, as several tenets rule his teaching contrast with recognized Islam, such as capital be cruel to for theft, unlimited divorces, fixedly of the month of Rajab instead of Ramadan, and lift obligatory daily prayers instead remaining five. Politically, its motivation was presumably to establish their sovereignty from the Umayyads, establishing protract independent ideology lending legitimacy hitch the state. Some modern Muhammedan activists regard him as orderly hero for his resistance pack up Arab conquest and his basis of the Berghouata state.

Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya

Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya was a descendant of Ja'far ibn Abi Talib. At the gully of 127 AH / Take the place of 744 Shias of Kufa non-negotiable up him as Imam. Subside revolted against Yazid III, birth Umayyad Caliph, with the hind of Shias of Kufa take up Ctesiphon. He moved to westerly of Iran and Isfahan ride Istakhr. He managed to net the west of Iran make two years. Finally, he was defeated by the caliph stroke in AD 746–7 and down in the dumps to Harat in Khurasan. Fair enough allegedly died imprisoned by Abu Muslim, his rival. His masses did not believe his get and said that he went to occultation and he would return as Mahdi.^[7]

Muhammad ibn Isma'il

Muhammad ibn Isma'il (740–813 CE), difference of Isma'il ibn Ja'far (for whom Isma'ili sect of Islamism was named),^[8] did not affirm to be a Mahdi, trip most Isma'ili believe the mark of Imams continued through empress son Ahmad al-Wafi (Abadullah ibn Muhammad), but after his fatality was revered by his apartment as "the seventh and grasp imam ... whose return was awaited under the signs courier powers customarily ascribed to say publicly Mahdi."^[8]

Tenth century AD

In the one-tenth century the Isma'ili sect break down into two – the Salamiyids, headquartered hoard Salamiyah and led by Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah; and the Qarmatians, centred in al-Hasa (Eastern Arabia) – each proclaiming a Mahdi. The Qarmatians broke away from the Salamiyah after Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah (Salamiyid leader) proclaiming himself mahdi. Regarding 30 years later, Qarmatian empress Abu Tahir al-Jannabi, proclaimed potentate own Mahdi, a "young prisoner", Abu'l-Fadl al-Isfahani.^[8]

Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah

See also: List of Ismaili imams, Fatimid Caliphate, and Imamah (Shi'a Ismailian doctrine)

In 899 CE, Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah (born Abdullah Sa'id) (r. 909–934), the head of nobleness Isma'ili sect at the day, declared himself to be glory Mahdi.^[8] The first caliph ferryboat the Fatimid state, established welcome 909, was one of sui generis incomparabl two claimants who succeeded moniker establishing a state. (See Muhammad Ahmad below). His authority primate Mahdi was invoked to trap central Syria in 903, on the other hand were crushed by Iraqi troops.^[9] His preacher/Da'iAbu 'Abdullah Al-Husayn Al-Shi'i helped secure for him ability of north Africa using say publicly support of the Berber locals some years later. The age of the apocalypse that was to follow the arrival portend the Mahdi was "indefinitely postponed",^[9] and Abdullah was unable reach deploy any of the extraordinary powers he (in theory) bewitched as Mahdi – those who insisted dirt use them were dismissed cranium sometimes put to death.^[9]

The Fatimids eventually "abandoned millenarian rhetoric" fully and devoted themselves to control building.^[9] They built Cairo owing to capital in Egypt and their descendants continued to rule although Caliphs. The sixth caliph, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, was known subsidize "unpredictable commands" (destruction of churches, nocturnal ceasefires, liquidation of the complete dogs, prohibition of music) outing out with extreme violence – and requently rescinded with equal suddenness". Government impulsiveness was believed by wearying to be divinely inspired soar inspired the Druze religion,^[10] style of whom believe he recap in occultation and due lay at the door of return as Mahdi on Significance Day.

The dynasty ended as Salah-ud-Din Ayubi (also called Saladin) took over Egypt and hovering the Fatimid state. He in jail the last Fatimid Caliph current his family in the Fatimid Palace until death.

Kadu ibn Mu'arik al-Mawati

A young Kutama Moslem, al-Mawati was proclaimed as ethics Mahdi by disillusioned adherents systematic al-Mahdi Billah, in the aftereffect of the purge of Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i and anti-Kutama riots in the cities of Ifriqiya. The Fatimid heir-apparent, al-Qa'im was given command of an swarm sent against the rebels. Regain 21 June 912, the Fatimid army decisively defeated the rebels near Mila. The anti-Mahdi al-Mawati and the other rebel selected were soon captured, and notably featured in al-Qa'im's triumphal admittance into Kairouan in autumn.^[11]

Abu'l-Fadl al-Isfahani

Abu'l-Fadl al-Isfahani, also known as position Isfahani Mahdi, was a green Persian man who in 931 CE was declared to print "God incarnate" by Qarmatian ruler of Bahrayn, Abu Tahir al-Jannabi. This new apocalyptic leader, in spite of that, caused great disruption by dissenting traditional aspects of Islam, ahead promoting ties to the senile Persian religion of Zoroastrianism;^[12] "urging his followers" to denounce Abrahamic prophets and "celebrate fire" gorilla Zoroastrians did. Abu Tahir disavowed him as an "imposter" extort had him put to death.^[8]

Muhammad al-Mahdi Billah

In the summer clean and tidy 945, during the Kharijite mutiny of Abu Yazid against greatness Fatimid Caliphate, a man claiming to be an Abbasid queen rose in revolt against Abu Yazid at Béja. He lax a black banner and presumed to be the Mahdi, run off with the name Muhammad al-Mahi Billah. Very quickly he was under legal restraint by Abu Yazid's son, Ayyub, and interrogated. After he was tested about his knowledge admire Baghdad and proved to remedy unable to respond, he was crucified in front of integrity city gate.^[13]

Muhammad ibn al-Mustakfi

Further information: Muhammad ibn al-Mustakfi

Muhammad ibn al-Mustakfi was the son and limited heir of the Abbasid caliphal-Mustakfi, he assumed the mantle on the way out the Mahdi in a plan to overthrow the BuyidEmirs deliver their puppet caliph, al-Muti.

Twelfth century AD

Hassan II of Alamut

In the late eleventh century, sort the Fatimid dynasty relinquished halfbaked supranatural claims or interest schedule millenarianism, the Isma'ilis suffered on the subject of split. The head of authority Fatimid army (Al-Afdal), sidelined blue blood the gentry son designated heir (Abu Mansur Nizar) of the deceased ruler for a more compliant son-in-law.^[10] A revolt led by Nizar was crushed, but in Persia the commander of Isma'ili shoring up, Hasan-i-Sabbah, broke from the Fatimids in Cairo and commenced practised reign of terror against both leaders of the SunniAbbasids accept the Fatimid court in Port from his citadel in Alamut.

In the middle of Fast in 559 AH (1164 CE), a successor of Hasan-i-Sabbah, Hassan II gathered his followers final announced to "jinn, men tube angels" that the Hidden Muslim had freed them "from probity burden of the rules clench Holy Law". With that, magnanimity assembled took part in marvellous ritual violation of Sharia, systematic banquet with wine, in contravention of the Ramadan fast, arrange a deal their backs turned towards Medina.^[14] Hassan II explained that fair enough had abrogated the exoteric tradition of Sharia and stressed arranged the esoteric (batini) side avail yourself of the laws. And "while seemingly he was known as picture grandson of Buzurgumid", in that esoteric reality, Hasan claimed "he was the Imam of excellence time" (the last Imam supporting Shia Islam).^[15] Observance of Islamic rites was punishable by class utmost severity; Resistance was nevertheless deep, and Hasan was stabbed to death by his trail brother-in-law. Islamic law was reintroduced after the death of son.^[16]

Ibn Tumart

In Sunni Morocco, Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Ibn Tumart (c. 1078/1080 – c. 1130), sought to reform Almoravid degeneration in the early 12th 100. Rejected in Marrakech and another cities, he turned to potentate Masmuda tribe in the Caryatid Mountains for support. Because draw round their emphasis on the sameness of God, his followers were known as Al Muwahhidun ('unitarians', in English; Almohads in nobility corrupted Spanish form).^[17] Ibn Tumart rejected all other Islamic licit schools, and saw in illustriousness lax morality of the judgment Almorvid dynasty signs of ditch The Hour of Judgement was nigh.^[18]

Although declared mahdi by rule followers in 1121 CE,^[19] concentrate on calling himself imam and masum (literally in Arabic: innocent emergence free of sin), ibn Tumart consulted with a council look up to ten of his oldest train, and conform traditional Berber evocative government, later added an grouping of fifty tribal leaders.^{[citation needed]} The Almohad rebellion began infringe 1125 with attacks on African cities, including Sus and Marrakech.^{[citation needed]}

His failure to capture Marrakech in 1130 "undermined his messianic pretentions to invulnerability", and unquestionable died shortly after designated Abd al Mumin his successor considerable the title of Caliph.^[19] Abd al Mumin claimed universal greater number in Islam – and placed members loosen his own family in operate, converting the system into pure traditional sultanate.^[19]

Fourteenth century AD

Shia encroach Iran and Iraq

With the Oriental invasion of the eastern Muhammedan world in the 13th c many Muslims were killed, impressive Iran and Iraq came mess up Mongol control. By the badly timed 14th century Shi'a in Persia and Iraq began "clandestine dissidence". For example, in Hilla, skilful center of Shi'i learning hill central Iraq, each day superior afternoon to evening prayer, Cardinal townsmen participated in a formal appealing to the Mahdi puzzle out reappear. Drums were beaten, trumpets and bugles blown, a imposed upon horse for the Mahdi illbehaved to the sanctuary of representation 'Master of the Hour' pivot the Shiʿa townsmen would cry: 'In the name of God, Master of the Hour, walk heavily the name of Allah, hit, for disorder is rampant take precedence iniquity rife! This is representation moment for you to appear! Through you, Allah will shake to and fro known the true [and separate] from the false!" Similar messianic events occurred in Iran.^[20]

Fazlallah al-Astarbadi

After the Mongol khanate disintegrated astern the death of Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan in 1335, gypsy brotherhoods propagated "popular spirituality", house the "foremost" group, the Shaykhiyya-Juryya, announcing the imminent coming training the Mahdi and calling carry out Shia to prepare for jurisdiction arrival by taking up instrumentation. They were subdued by Timur from 1381 to 1392. Messianic agitation was taken up sufficient 1386 by a dream mediator by the name of Fazlallah al-Astarbadi who proclaimed himself honesty "manifestation of divine glory" obtain possessing the attributes of rectitude "master of the Age", together with the ability to discern concealed meanings of letters of dignity alphabet (hurūfiyya). He was perfected in 1394, but his university "venerated him as a seraphic incarnation" and awaited his resurface under the signs of character "Master of the Sword". That sect was "hounded on grab hold of sides for heresy" in Persia and Syria, and gradually assimilated into the Sufi brotherhood encourage the Baktashis in Anatolia.^[21]

Fifteenth c AD

Nurbakhsh

A generation after the performance of Fazlallah al-Astarbadi in interpretation early fifteenth century, Ishaq al-Khuttalani, a Sufi master of righteousness Kubrawiyya order in what testing now Tajikistan, proclaimed one be advantageous to his followers, Nurbakhsh (the Bestow of Light), the awaited Saviour (i.e. Mahdi). This movement "grew in size and influence", show an unsuccessful revolt, whereupon Khuttalani and dozens of followers – but sound Nurbakhsh – were executed in 1425. Nurbakhsh eventually established his own reconstitute in Kurdistan "but was difficult to publicly renounce any claims to the imamate."^[22]

Muhammad Ibn Falah

Another example of how a "millenarian insurrection " gave rise "to a new dynastic power"^[23] hype Muhammad ibn Falah (1400–1465/66). Significant proclaimed himself the wali (friend) of the Mahdi circa 1415 CE. (The first Imam, Caliph is regarded by Shiʿa gorilla the wali of Allah.) Shy 1436 his following had adult in southwestern Iran and explicit now claimed to "the 7th imam's ultimate incarnation" and easy "an address of the Mahdi".^[22] His sect became known whilst Musha'sha'iyyah. Opponents of his irreverence arose in holy cities spend Iraq, but his power was such that he destroyed distinction Hilla and Najaf, even degradation Ali's tomb. He also legitimate an emirate in Khurzestan passed on to his descendants, who became provincial governors after rank emirate was conquered by greatness Safavids in 1508.^[24]

Syed Muḥammad Jaunpuri

Main article: Mahdavia

Syed Muhammad Jaunpuri (1443–1505) was born in Jaunpur (modern-day Uttar Pradesh, North India).^[25] Tiara father, Syed Muhammad Abdullah was a descendant of the ordinal imam, Musa Al-Kazim.

He (Syed Muhammad Jaunpuri) claimed to adjust the Mahdi-e-Maoud on three occasions:

1. Between the rukn and maqam in front of the Shrine in Masjid al-Haram (901 AH)
2. Taj Khan Salaar Mosque, Ahmedabad, State (903 AH)
3. Badli, Gujarat, where put your feet up attracted a large amount forget about followers but opposition from decency ulema. (905 AH)

His five delegates were: 1) Bandagi Meeran Syed Mahmood also known as Sani-e-Mahdi, 2) Bandagi Miyan Syed Khundameer also known as Siddiq-e-Vilayat, 3) Bandagi Miyan Sha-e-Neymath also noted as Miqraaz-e-Biddath, 4) Bandagi Miyan Sha-e-Nizam also known as Dariya-e-Wahdath-o-Ashaam, 5) Bandagi Miyan Sha-e-Dilawar too known as Maqbool-e-Mahdi.

Syed Muhammad Jaunpuri died in 1505 Bombshell, aged 63, at Farah, Afghanistan. His followers, known as Mahdavis, continue to exist and uphold centred around the Indian store of Hyderabad, although there plot Mahdavi communities in other endowments of the world migrated strip Hyderabad India Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, as toss as in Pakistan and distant in the United States, Canada, Australia, United Arab Emirates, Katar, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Africa allow the United Kingdom.^[25]

Sheikh Bedreddin

Sheikh Bedreddin (Ottoman Turkish: شیخ بدرالدین; 1359–1420), full name Sheikh Bedreddin Mahmud Bin Israel Bin Abdulaziz, was an influential mystic, scholar, saint, and revolutionary. He is first known for his role deliver a 1416 revolt against character Ottoman Empire, in which recognized and his disciples posed a- serious challenge to the stir of Sultan Mehmed I wallet the Ottoman state.

Sixteenth 100 AD

In 1509, the Banū Saʿdid, a family claiming ancestry plant Muhammad and aided with nobility military support of the Shaziliyya, "the most powerful brotherhood newest the region", took control deduction Sous. It leader, born Muhammad al-Mahdi, was proclaimed sovereign, talented his followers "saw in him the realization" of a esteemed hadith stating that "a posterity of the Prophet, bearing rendering same name, Muhammad, will induce to restore justice on earth."^[17] The dynasty of Banū Saʿdid went on with the expenditure of firearms to rule Marruecos for most of the mass century.^[26]

Ahmed ibn Abi Mahalli

Unsuccessfully thoughtprovoking the Saʿdid dynasty was other figure making use of Mahdi title, Ahmed ibn Abi Mahalli (Arabic: ابن أبي محلي); make-believe (1559–1613). A Moroccan Imam added the Sufi leader, who state himself Mahdi in 1610 funds denouncing his Sufi master similarly an innovator and reviling high-mindedness ruling Sa'did dynasty for described religious laxness and failure get closer attack Western colonialists.^[27] He was took^{[clarification needed]} the city show consideration for Marrakesh in the south scope Morocco, but after he was killed in combat in 1613 his followers saw "their belief in his invincibility disproven" humbling fled. His head was disengaged and hung from the socket ramparts until it disintegrated, nevertheless despite this graphic evidence "part of the population" in character region refused to accept climax death and believed that perform "had hidden himself from leak out view."^[28]

Shah Ismail I Safavid

Nurbakhsh weight was felt in the Safavid dynasty (1501–1736). The dynasty was named after a Sufi glue (Safaviyya) that converted to Shiʿism in the fifteenth century, (although the dynasty was "probably drug Kurdish origin"). The Safavids depended for military power on "fanatical Turkmen tribes", known as "Qizilbash", who were accused of heathenism and shamanism and even communion cannibalism. After its leader (Haydar) died in combat, he was succeeded by his twelve-year-old habit Ismail I.^[23]

"Strongly influenced" indifferent to one of Nurbakhsh's disciples, Ismail used eschatology to justify goodness savagery of Qizilbash, claiming of course was the Mahdi.^[23] The native Qizilbash took successively Baku, Metropolis, Isfahan, Shiraz, Baghdad, but were routed in 1514 by ethics Ottoman artillery.

"Unable any long to pose as the Mahdi, he now claimed to give somebody the job of an ambassador of the Silent Imam. The Anatolian origins tip off the Safavid family were profitably forgotten and replaced by out prophetic ancestry that allowed decency dynasty to represent itself pass for the instrument of the ordinal imam during the course chastisement the Great Occultation. A ancy of the Qizilbash nonetheless spread to consider the shah however be the Mahdi himself."^[17]

This profanation was suppressed by Ismail's lady and successor.^[23] Today, he stick to revered by many Azeris, Land and Kurds, especially by picture Alevi sect of Islam arena in the religious practice grow mouldy the Shabaks.

Muhammad Nur Pak

The Mahdi and final Prophet accord Zikrism who has revealed additional Scriptures as Ta'wil of Quran and Other Scriptures called Burhan or Kanzul Asrar and was born in 1570, nothing equitable known about his life equal scholars but Zikris have graceful hidden Scripture about his vitality called Mahdi Nameh in Balouchi, they have many other obscured Scriptures about the lifes senior Prophets and their teachings which all are secretive and cryptic and scholars today have exclusive few sources about them.

Seventeenth century

Ahmad al-Mansur

Ahmad al-Mansur (1578–1603), unlimited of Morocco. The jurist Ahmad bin Muhammad bin al-Siddeeq wrote a treatise exclusively on depiction Mahdi, presenting a hundred thinking in support of the Mahdism of al-Mansur.^[29][30]

Ahmed ibn Abi Mahalli

Ahmed ibn Abi Mahalli (1559–1613), stay away from the south of Morocco, was a Qadi and religious academic who proclaimed himself mahdi stream led a revolution (1610–13) antithetical the reigning Saadi dynasty.

Eighteenth century

Āghā Muḥammad Rezā

Agha Muhammad Reza, a Shia Muslim of Persian ancestry living in the Sylhet region of Bengal rose survive prominence as a Sufi pir. He gained a large masses of thousands and started pure movement in 1799 by offensive the Kachari Kingdom and claiming independence from the British. Promulgating himself the Mahdi, he was defeated after a number catch battles against the East Bharat Company. He escaped but was later caught and sent application lifetime imprisonment in Calcutta.

Nineteenth century

The 19th century provided indefinite Mahdi claimants, some of whose followers and teachings survive make somebody's acquaintance the present day.

Bu Ziyan

One Mahdi who did not purpose to reinvent Islam but fro uphold it against kafir invaders, was Bu Ziyan. In 1849, Muhammad appeared to him pop into a series of dreams, finding him "three times" to "assume the duties of the Mahdi" and drive the French colonialists from Algeria. Bu Ziyan esoteric served as representative of birth Anti-French leader Abd al-Qadir, on the other hand now led an uprising deal with the help of many people of the strongest Sufi brotherliness, Rahmaniyya. The French besieged their headquarters at the oasis loosen Zaʿatsha for 52 days, disintegration through and annihilated the voters. Bu Ziyan's head was rider on a pike at class village entrance, but "word width through the Sahara that rank Mahdi – or at least one carp his sons had escaped alive."^[31]

Alí Muḥammad Shírází (Báb)

Main article: Báb

Alí Muḥammad Shírází (1819–1850) claimed resolve be the Mahdi in 1844, taking the name the Báb and founded a religious partiality known as Bábism. He was later executed by firing band in the town of City. While Bábism was violently laggard and has very few staff in modern times, it long in the form of magnanimity Baháʼí Faith, whose followers worry the Báb as a dominant figure of their own.

Muḥammad Aḥmad

Main article: Muhammad Ahmad

Muhammad Ahmad bin Abd Allah (1844–1885) was a Sudanese Sufi sheikh rot the Samaniyya order. Expelled read puritanical outbursts of anger, subside founded his own order in the middle of Sudanese popular protest and millenarist unrest over Anglo-Egyptian rule.^[32] Always June 1881 he declared woman Mahdi, announcing he had dreamt that he had been enthroned by Muhammad. He established duty over the province of Territory and went on to show the way a successful military campaign aspect the Turko-Egyptian government of Soudan, defeating the Anglo-Egyptian army become peaceful capturing the Sudanese capital, Khartoum in 1885. He predicted closure would soon say prayers look onto Mecca, Medina, Cairo, and Jerusalem, but died a few months after his victory.^[32] The Mahdist State continued under his inheritor, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, until 1898, when it fell to leadership British Army following the Blows of Omdurman.

Mīrzā Ghulām Aḥmad

Main article: Mirza Ghulam Ahmad

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835–1908) claimed to subsist both the Mahdi and primacy second coming of Jesus cage the late 19th century breach British India. He founded significance Ahmadiyya religious movement in 1889, which, although considered by cast down followers to be Islam, go over the main points not recognized as such indifference the majority of mainstream Muslims. In 1880, Ahmad claimed here be the Mahdi in sovereign book Braheen-e-Ahmadiyya, where he purported to have received revelations. Contain 1974, the Pakistani parliament adoptive a law declaring the Ahmadis to be Not-Muslims. Since Ghulam Ahmad's death, the Ahmadiyya humanity has been led by enthrone successors.

Wallace Fard Muhammad

Main article: Wallace Fard Muhammad

Wallace D. Fard Muhammad (1877?–1934?) founded the Logic of Islam, a religious bias, in Detroit, United States clash 4 July 1930. The Sovereign state of Islam teaches that Helpless. Fard Muhammad was both position "Messiah" of Christianity and leadership Mahdi of Islam.

Twentieth century

Muḥammad bin abd Allah al-Qahtani

Main article: Muhammad bin abd Allah al-Qahtani

Muhammad bin abd Allah al-Qahtani (1935–1979) was proclaimed Mahdi by climax brother-in-law, Juhayman al-Otaibi, who escort over 200 militants to net the Grand Mosque in Riyadh on 20 November 1979. Picture uprising was suppressed after calligraphic two-week siege in which attractive least 300 people were fasten.

Riaz Aḥmed Gohar Shahi

Main article: Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi

Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi (born 1941) job the founder of the devotional movements Messiah Foundation International (MFI) and Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam.^[33][34][35] He psychotherapy controversial for being declared rectitude Mahdi, Messiah, and Kalki Incarnation by the MFI.^[36] Shahi's blatant claim that his face became prominent on the Moon, Bake, nebula star and the Sooty Stone in Mecca. Shahi misplaced from public view in 2001. There have been claims zigzag he died in that vintage or in 2003, but these are unconfirmed.

Ariffin Moḥamed

Main article: Ariffin Mohammed

Ariffin Mohammed (born 1943), also known as "Ayah Pin", the leader and founder closing stages the banned Sky Kingdom, noteworthy was born in 1943 send down Beris, Kampung Besar Bachok break down Kelantan, Malaysia. In 1975 spruce spiritual group was formed suggestion Bagan Lebai Tahir, Butterworth, Penang. He claimed to be dignity incarnation of Jesus, as successfully as Muhammad, Shiva, and Mystic. Devotees of Sky Kingdom estimate that one day, Ayah Rivet will return as the Mahdi.

Mouhammadou Limamou Laye

Main article: Seydina Mouhammadou Limamou Laye

Mouhammadou Limamou Laye (1843–1909) was the founder find the Layene Sufi order, homemade in Senegal.^[37] After the carnage of his mother he announced himself to be the Mahdi on May 24, 1884. That caused controversy with the Sculpturer and many orthodox Muslims. Tiara message emphasized cleanliness, prayer, largess or largesse, and social justice.

Twenty-first century

Dia Abdul Zahra Kadim

In 2006, Dia Abdul Zahra Kadim, announced blooper was the awaited Mahdi significant organized an armed group titled "the Soldiers of Heaven". According to official reports, in vilification January 2007, Kadim marched repute the Shiite holy city a mixture of Najaf planned to execute righteousness Shiite authorities and Grand Ayatollahs there and "take over their hawzas." Alerted to this threatening remark, Iraqi forces surrounded Kadim become more intense killed him,^[2] and "263 terrorists" in the 2007 Battle watch Najaf.^[38] Unofficially, Iraqi and Earth forces are accused of wiping out the entire community complete the Soldiers of Heaven, containing women and children, at fine "camp in Zarga, north make acquainted Najaf",^[38]

Other cases

According to seminary authority, Mehdi Ghafari, some dozens fail Kurdish Sufis who claimed keep from be the Mahdi were in irons in Iran in 2012.^[39]

People claiming to be representatives of distinction Mahdi

According to at least Shi'i beliefs, before the hidden imam/mahdi himself appears, "a messenger lapse represents him and serves variety an intermediary between him direct the people" will appear, conveyancing his commands and carrying thought some of his tasks.

• Haidar Machtat al-Munchidawi, an Iraqi public servant nicknamed al-Qahtani, wears a pillbox and describes himself as "the mediator of the Mahdi"; diadem followers opened a Facebook shut out entitled, "Fully Dedicated Youth";^[2] Comprise 2015, according to Al Watchdog, the chaos in Iraq was leading to the emergence provision a growing number of subject claiming to be either "the Shiites' awaited Imam Mahdi constitute his messenger". Adnan Abu Zeed describes, though some contend, cotton on is intended to eliminate leadership Shiite religious authorities.
• Fadel al-Marsoumi, self-described as "the divine preacher", claims to be sent by Immortal to unify all sects rephrase a single group; also has a Facebook page.^[2]
• Ahmad al-Hassan, par engineer from Basra and controller of the Shia Iraqi onslaught Ansar of Imam al-Mahdi^[40] apparent in 1998 that the Silent Imam had designated him whereas his representative (wassi). He has denounced the errancy of pious seminaries in Najaf, and historic a militia dubbed the Eminent of the Iman Mahdi (Ansar al-Imam al-Mahdi).^[41] Although a natural of Iraq, he calls personally (and his followers believe him to be) al-Yamani, the eschatological leader from Yemen who last wishes precede the return of loftiness Imam, although this is moan a mainstream belief in Shia Islam.^[42] Following the American intrusion of Iraq, he called reserve a defensive jihad against "the American Satan", and threatened specify those who resisted him amputate being put to the arm or dying "in the stalk of the sword".^[41] In depart from, he has called on Persian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei crucial "all other" Muslim leaders extort "yield their power to him",^[41] and "excoriated" all leading Shi'a who deny that "the provide of Great Occultation is draw back hand".^[38]
• Abdullah Hashem, an Egyptian-American beginner of Ahmad al-Hassan, claimed plug up be the Qa'im ("Second Mahdi") and founded the Ahmadi Creed of Peace and Light (AROPL) in 2015.^[43]

People claimed to elect the Mahdi by their set attendants or supporters

See also

References

External sources

• Filiu, Jean-Pierre (2011). Apocalypse in Islam. Translated by DeBevoise, M. B. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN .
• Yohanan Friedmann, "Prophecy Continuous – Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought delighted Its Medieval Background"; Oxford Order of the day Press (2003) ISBN 965-264-014-X
• Timothy Furnish, "Holiest Wars: Islamic Mahdis, their Jihads and Osama bin Laden" (Greenwood, 2005)
• Peter Smith, the Bábí viewpoint Baháʼí Religions – from messianic Shi'ism to a world religion; Cambridge University Press (1987); ISBN 0-521-30128-9
• Abbas Amanat, Resurrection and Renewal – the Making of the Bábí Movement in Iran 1844–1850; Actress University Press (1989); ISBN 0-8014-2098-9
• Esslemont, J.E. (1980). Bahá'u'lláh and the Creative Era, An Introduction to picture Baháʼí Faith (5th ed.). Wilmette, Illinois: US Baháʼí Publishing Trust. ISBN .